这类物质一般是线粒体活动的副产品，但是通常都在泄露并造成伤害前被特殊的酶消灭——比如，它们可能损害细胞的DNA。
These are a normal by-product of mitochondrial activity, but are usually mopped up by special enzymes before they can escape and cause harm—for instance, by damaging a cell's DNA.
有些科学家提出，我们从母体遗传来的线粒体DNA很少发生变异，说明瓶颈发生在不久以前祖先走出非洲的时候。
Some researchers proposed that the lack of variation in our maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA suggested these bottlenecks took place as our ancestors spread out of Africa relatively recently.
为了提取肌动蛋白、线粒体和DNA而被固定和染色的牛肺动脉内皮细胞，由旧金山加州大学的托斯滕·惠特曼博士拍摄。
Dr. Torsten Wittmann of the University of California, San Fransisco, submitted this image of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells fixed and stained for actin, mitochondria, and DNA.
马森教授的结论是通过对试验牛的生物线粒体DNA的研究得出的。
Dr Ajmone-Marsan's conclusion was drawn by looking at the mitochondrial DNA of the cows in question.
线粒体DNA位于细胞质中，由母亲传给女儿，它不与其它任何DNA重新组合。
Mitochondrial DNA is located in the cytoplasm of the cell and is passedfrom mother to daughter, without recombining with anything else.
比较现代托斯卡尼人和中东人的线粒体DNA，有些相似，有些则不同。
Some modern Tuscans have mitochondrial DNA that looks Middle Eastern. Others do not.
尽管对采用核和线粒体dna测试的科学方法随后有一些批评，但1993年的测试结果被认为是准确的。
Despite some subsequent criticism of the scientific methodology employed in the nuclear - and mitochondrial-DNA testing, the 1993 findings are considered to be accurate.
而确切的说，这都源于他们早前在今年三月发表的生物线粒体DNA(细胞动力组中的一种复杂形态的分子)研究。
That was all but certain from their previous study of the creature's mitochondrial DNA (an abundant form of the molecule found in cells' powerpacks), released in March.
如果两个线粒体dna的序列差异达到一个单位，目前的指导手册要求分析人员把它当作无效的比较。
If two mitochondrial DNA sequences differ by a single unit, current guidelines require the analyst to report the comparison as inconclusive.
线粒体dNA突变与越来越多的人类疾病有关，其中包括神经退行性疾病、糖尿病、癌症及不育症。
Mitochondrial DNA mutations are linked to a growing list of human diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cancer and infertility.
然而，她的分析表明，线粒体基因的关系模式不同于核dna的关系模式。
However, her analysis showed that the pattern of relationships for the mitochondrial genes was different to that of the nuclear DNA.
带有普通线粒体DNA的现代人类的祖先和Neandertals人生活时间相近，估计在321，200年到618，000年之间。
A common mitochondrial DNA ancestor of modern humans and Neandertals lived more recently, an estimated 321,200 to 618,000 years ago.
这个团队使用先进的技术从化石中提取出了DNA，然后为这个曾经的Denisova山洞居住者还原了一个完整的线粒体基因图谱。
Using advanced techniques for fishing DNA fragments out of fossils, the team then assembled a complete mitochondrial genome for the Denisova individual.
这些变化很容易被识别，因为线粒体dNA基因组的规模不大- - -仅仅16 000个单位- - -相比之下，细胞核内的基因组却有30亿个单位。
These changes are easy to identify because the mitochondrial DNA genome is so small - just 16, 000 units - compared with the three billion units of the genome in the cell's nucleus.
paabo承认在线粒体dna中找寻新的史前人类是很复杂的，因为在动物世界中，比如老鼠，物种可以通过杂交从一个传到另一个。
Paabo acknowledges the complexity of finding new hominids in mitochondrial DNA, which in animals such as mice can pass from one species to another via interbreeding.
2010年5月，《自然》杂志发表了一篇报告，一个研究小组收集并排列来自“X女性”指骨的线粒体dna。
For a previous Nature study, released in March 2010, the team had collected and sequenced mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA, from X-woman's finger.
线粒体dna是一个很奇特的东西。
不管语言，沿海岸线的线粒体dna的层级——一个女性基因标记只携带了女性线链——是相似的。
Levels of mitochondrial DNA - a female genetic marker only carried down the female line - is similar all along the coast, regardless of language.
尽管此前已完成了美洲乳齿象的线粒体dna测序，研究者表示他们还首次实现了对细胞核dna的测序-在本例中使用的材料来自牙齿。
Although mastodon mitochondrial DNA has been sequenced before, the researchers say they were the first to do the analysis on DNA from the cell nucleus - in this case, using material from a tooth.
他们除了发现癌症患者的DNA出现突变或改变之外，还发现即使是健康人的线粒体dna也会产生若干变体，尽管比例不是很大。
Besides the mutations, or changes, in DNA found in cancer patients, even healthy people turned out to have several variants in their mitochondrial DNA, though mostly in small proportions.
英国安排进一步为罗曼诺夫家族做线粒体d NA单倍型和序列测试。
Further testing in Great Britain established the mitochondrial-DNA haplogroup and sequences for the Romanov family line.
随后调查人员检验了他的线粒体dna，这是随着母亲谱系传宗下来的一种DNA，并发现其中包含东亚基因。
Then the researchers tested his mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down through your maternal lineage. And this fellow had east Asian genes.
路易十七的母亲玛丽·安托瓦·内特的亲属允许利用线粒体d NA技术，把他的心脏dna和他母亲的遗物进行基因比对，而线粒体dNA是从母亲遗传给其子女。
Bodily remains of Marie Antoinette maternal relatives allowed for genetic comparisons to the DNA in the heart using mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down from a mother to her children.
接着，研究人员对他的线粒体d NA进行了测试，线粒体中的DNA是从母亲那儿遗传下来的，所谓母系遗传。
Then the researchers tested his mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down through your maternal lineage.
但是，其中很少一部分——占人体中所有DNA不到1%的线粒体dna——会来自mDNA的捐赠者。
But a tiny amount - mitochondrial DNA accounts for less than 1% of all the DNA in a human body - would come from the donor of the mDNA.
他说，“当然，随着我们进行更多的线粒体dna全基因组分析，我们找到答案的可能性就更大”。
"Certainly as we move to more whole-genome analyses of mitochondrial DNA, we may be more likely to pick this up," he said.
卵细胞中线粒体的DNA只有一个副本，随着女性的年龄增长，他们极易受到伤害。
In eggs, mitochondria have only one copy of this DNA, making them vulnerable to damage as women age.
采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术和光密度扫描检测两组线粒体DNA的缺失突变情况。
Deletion mutation state of the two groups of mitochondria DNA were detected by PCR technology and photodensity scan.
只有13种线粒体的组成蛋白质是由线粒体自己的DNA编码的。
Only 13 of the mitochondrion's component proteins are encoded by its own DNA.
只有13种线粒体的组成蛋白质是由线粒体自己的DNA编码的。
Only 13 of the mitochondrion's component proteins are encoded by its own DNA.
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