本文分析两种操作系统的设备控制原理，探究从架构到系统调用的各个方面，重点比较二者差别。
In this article, we analyze how device control works in both operating systems, examining everything from architecture to system calls and focusing on the differences.
可用于来宾操作系统的虚拟化，或作为完整的机器仿真器使用，运行使用主机CPU或其他CPU架构的操作系统。
You can use it for guest operating system virtualization or as a full machine emulator running operating systems targeted to the host CPU or other CPU architectures.
系统或被开发系统的架构原则。
Architectural principles for the system or systems under development.
两个这样的结合了开发人员从原始分布式文件系统架构中学到的经验的系统就是：Coda和瑞典开放源码志愿者的成果Arla。
Two such systems incorporate lessons developers learned from the original distributed file system architecture: Coda and the Swedish open source volunteer effort, Arla.
如果你必须要在一个时间内构建一个子系统，这样的体系架构将迫使你首先构建底层的子系统，然后构建越来越上层的子系统。
If you had to build one subsystem at a time, such an architecture would force you to build the bottom layer subsystems first, and then go higher and higher up.
然而，如果你有一个分层的体系架构，在上层的子系统依赖于底层子系统的能力，这种方法将不能够很好的工作。
However, this approach does not work well if you have a layered architecture, with subsystems in the upper layers dependent on the capabilities of subsystems in the lower layers.
注意，因为我们在过去的项目中创建的系统与目前这个系统类似，因此如果我们引用一些参考架构，我们的架构将会从中受益。
Note that because we'd built systems in the past that were similar to this project, our architecture would have benefited if we'd had some reference architectures to draw on.
定义这些架构是为了支持系统的功能、技术和数据需求，而这些系统将解决用户所提出的业务问题。
These architectures are defined to support the functional, technical, and data needs of the system that will address business questions posed by users.
这一方法允许系统的身份认证架构根据需要进行修改和完善，并不用对系统的身份认证架构进行内部重建或修改。
This approach allows the authentication architecture of a system to be modified and enhanced as needed without requiring the system to be rebuilt or modified internally.
如果主机操作系统和来宾操作系统运行于相同的处理器架构之上，那么您可以使用QEMU加速器(KQEMU)实现近似本地的性能。
If your host and guest operating system are targeted to the same processor architecture, then you can speed things up to near native performance using the QEMU accelerator (KQEMU).
构建阶段：当你从一个可执行的系统架构迁移到系统的第一个可操作的版本时，需要完成大半的实现工作。
Construction: Do a majority of the implementation as you move from an executable architecture to the first operational version of your system.
其次，我们可以从头重写系统，或者尝试将现有的架构演进为我们需要的系统。
Second, we could rewrite the system from scratch or try to evolve the existing architecture into the system we needed.
该功能简化了到其他系统的移植过程，这些系统可能有不同的语言支持和完全不同的机器架构。
This functionality simplified the porting process to other systems that may have different language support and entirely different machine architectures.
迭代开发就意味着在每次迭代的最后，系统就可以工作，从而系统行为、架构和设计的规格就可以得到验证。
Iterative development means that the specifications for behavior, architecture, and design are reviewed in the light of what actually worked on the last iteration.
我们覆盖了应用和中间件架构，并对新系统开发及现有系统的后续开发都有兴趣。
We cover both application and middleware architecture, with an interest in both the development of new systems and the continued development of existing systems.
这是一个特殊的例子：通常的打印系统架构包括一个将数据输入到标记(成像)引擎所要求格式的子系统。
Here's a specific example: Typical printing system architectures include a single subsystem to transform input data into the format required by the marking (imaging) engine.
基本上，在与大型企业强制的限制因素相一致时，创建或者更新系统架构是系统工程师的责任。
Essentially, it is their responsibility to create or update the architecture of the system while conforming to any constraints mandated by the larger enterprise.
在分析了系统的架构设计之后，我们接下来看系统实现的详细信息。
After analyzing the architecture design, you can move on to the detailed implementation of these subsystems.
例如，在分析系统或子系统原型时，在开发周期的相对早期进行的发现，可以比较容易地要求对系统架构的重大修改。
For instance, discoveries made relatively early in the development cycle, while analyzing system or subsystem prototypes, can easily require significant modifications to the system architecture.
通过系统上下文关系图和信息流，您可以定义严格的系统上下文文档，这些文档在形成系统的软件架构方面非常重要。
With the system context diagram and the information flows, you can define a rigorous system context document that will prove to be very important in shaping the software architecture of the system.
统一界面简化了整个系统架构，改进了子系统之间交互的可见性。
The uniform interface simplifies the overall system architecture and improves the visibility of the interactions between subsystems.
在新的企业架构已经为启动准备就绪的情况下，建立一个核心系统的检查清单，并列出那些需要测试的备份系统。
With the new enterprise architecture ready for launch, build a checklist of core systems, and list those backup systems that require testing.
抢占和对多处理器体系架构的更好支持使整个系统更接近于多桌面和实时系统都非常有用的操作系统。
Preemption and better support for multiprocessor architectures move it closer to an operating system that's useful both on the desktop and on the real-time system.
我们需要一个可移植的、跨平台、跨系统架构的编译器系统，这样我们可以在一个OS或者系统架构上开发代码，在另一个上面进行部署而无需重新编译。
We needed a portable cross-platform, architecture compiler system that would allow us to develop code on one OS or architecture and deploy it on another with out recompiling.
因此，系统架构师和设计人员的任务就是将这两个最初相分离的系统集成在一起。
Therefore, the mission of the system architects and designers is to integrate the two initially-disconnected systems.
这种转化后的模型支持架构性的变更管理，这样对系统所做的重大性变更，还可以通过系统来传播，而且不会对业务造成较大的影响。
This gating model enables architectural change management in which even a foundational change to the system can be propagated through the system without having an uncontrolled effect on the business.
在不考虑系统的真实需求的情况下，您的组织结构用于为该系统调整架构方法。
Your organizational structure is used to justify the architectural approach for a system without consideration of the true requirements for that system.
如今，企业系统解决方案一般采用多层的系统架构，包含用于表示、控制器、应用、领域，和持久性的分别的层。
Enterprise system solutions nowadays commonly adopt a multi-layered system architecture, with separate layers for presentation, controller, application, domain, and persistence.
系统的关键功能应该能够决定系统的体系架构。
The system's key functionality should determine the architecture.
最后，它可以使构架人员和设计人员能够看到完整的最终系统范围，改进架构和系统设计的健壮性。
Finally, it enables the architects and designers to see the entire eventual scope of the system, so far as it is known, facilitating robust choices for the architecture and system design.
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