嗅觉一直是我们的感官中受到了解最少的，直到最近，耶鲁大学的戈登·谢泼德领导的神经科学研究才开始揭示它是如何发挥作用的。
Smell has been the most poorly understood of our senses, and only recently has neuroscience, led by Yale University's Gordon Shepherd, begun to shed light on its workings.
从那时起，他就一直在调整和改良他的“卷积神经网络”(ConvNets)。
He has been tweaking his "convolutional neural networks" (ConvNets) ever since.
但是要想改变一切，就必须从眼前开始。从神经抽搐的男人和涂脂抹粉的女人开始，而不是一直计划。
But to change everything you have to start from there, from the man with the nervous tic, the old woman with the powder, and not from plans.
近些年来，诸如《男人来自火星，女人来自金星》这类的书籍一直在兜售这样一种理念：男人和女人之间存在很多神经学方面的差异。
For years, books such as men are from Mars, women are from Venus peddled the belief that there are major neurological differences between men and women.
而疫苗本身也不无风险，全球性流感疫苗一直与被称为格林·巴利综合症(GBS)的罕见神经疾病有联系。
Vaccination is not without risk in itself, and pandemic flu vaccines have been associated with a rare neurological condition known as Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS).
携带许多信息的血清素在脑细胞间的联系中发挥广泛的作用，神经递质一直与进食、睡眠和攻击行为有关。
Serotonin performs a wide variety of jobs by carrying messages across brain cell connections. The neurotransmitter has been linked to behaviors including feeding, sleeping and aggression.
结果是，只有那些在当日新形成的脑细胞才附有标签，因此，研究团队可以一直跟踪这群新神经元。
As a result, only the new brain cells that were born that day were labelled and thus the team could follow a cohort of new neurons over time.
很长一段时间人们一直认为存在两个层次的抉择：发生于大脑皮层的意识层面的和发生于基底神经节的无意识层面的。
It has long been thought that there are two levels of decision-making: a conscious level taking place in the cerebral cortex and an unconscious level in the basal ganglia.
“所以人们一直认为睡眠一定具有某种还未被辨知的生理或神经上的功用，而且在醒着的时候无法完成之，”他说。
"So it's been thought that sleep must serve some as-yet unidentified physiological or neural function that can't be accomplished when animals are awake," he said.
他们训练这些老鼠环绕一个圆形轨迹寻找食物，然后一直记录这种锯齿类动物的大脑的神经元激活形态。
They taught these rats to circle a track to find food, recording neuronal firing patterns from the rodents’ brains all the while.
“这一直都是神经兮兮的买卖交易”他告诉我，他的铺子里摆满了不同年份的虎骨酒。
'it's a sensitive business,' he tells me in a room containing bottles of tiger bone wine of different vintages.
我们一直被称为“视觉类灵长目动物”，而我们视觉体系的规模让听觉神经系统相形见绌。
We've been called the visual primate, and the size of our visual cortex dwarfs the neural platform assigned to audition.
美联储的利率制定者一直在高分贝的表达对高水平核心通胀的担心，投资者确信价格压力的消失会让他们绷紧的神经放松下来。
Investors decided that the absence of price pressures would calm the nerves of rate-setters at the Federal Reserve, who have been worrying out loud about "elevated" core inflation.
近20年来，这位加州大学欧文分校的神经科学家一直在研究犯罪精神病态者的大脑。
For nearly 20 years, the neuroscientist at the University of California-Irvine has studied the brains of psychopaths.
领导这个项目的帕特里克·吉尔一直以来希望制造一种无透镜可植入式装置用来检测这些动物的大脑神经元。因为进化的原因，这些神经元活跃时会发光。
Patrick Gill, who headed the project, had been trying to create a lens-less implantable device to detect brain neurons that, due to modifications, glow when they’re active.
“是的”，我说“它会一直这样，因为它的神经被切除了。”
两个半世纪之后，在内战爆发后的第一个春天，FortMonroe成了新成立的联邦领土内为数不多的联邦军据点之一，士兵们一直绷紧神经保卫着。
Two and half centuries later, in the first spring of the Civil War, Fort Monroe was a lonely Union redoubt in the heart of newly Confederate territory. Its defenders stood on constant guard.
Rutgers大学的神经科学教授TraceyShors指出过去人们一直简单地认为女性与男性的差别仅在于前者要受激素的影响。
In the past, it was assumed that a female was simply a male with hormones, says Tracey Shors, a professor of neuroscience at Rutgers University.
长久以来，人们一直怀疑一般的氧化应激和特殊的神经退行性疾病之间有直接联系。
oxidative stress in general and neurodegenerative disease in particular has been suspected for a long time.
其实这个答案一直潜藏在科学文献中，70年代，卡普兰就报道了丰富的环境可以提高神经元的数目。
The answer has been lurking around in the scientific literature since the 1970's when Michael Kaplan reported that an enriched environment enhances the number of new neurons.
一直是神经外科手术工作的难点。
Always is the neurosurgery department surgery work difficulty.
有关疼痛机制研究一直都是神经科学研究的一个热点。
The study of pain mechanism is always the interested point in neuroscience research.
EEG代表了大脑神经元活动的一种电信号，它一直是研究人在不同睡眠阶段大脑活动的重要工具。
EEG represents the electric activity of the neurons in human brain. It is used for studying the brain activity in different sleep stages.
大约十年间，科学家们一直尝试利用干细胞使神经退变性疾病中的神经细胞再生，例如帕金森病，阿尔茨默病和肌萎缩侧索硬化。
For around a decade, scientists have been trying to regrow nerve cells lost in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from stem cells.
偏头痛与卒中的相关性一直是神经科医生的难题。
The association between migraine and stroke is a tough problem for Neurologists.
自2009年以来，神经外科医生一直使用激光来治疗脑癌患者，但现在，医生们发现了新的技术，可能使得化疗药物能直接进入患者的脑部。
Neurosurgeons have been using lasers to treat brain cancer since 2009, but now they say the technique may also allow them to deliver chemotherapy drugs directly into the brain.
自2009年以来，神经外科医生一直使用激光来治疗脑癌患者，但现在，医生们发现了新的技术，可能使得化疗药物能直接进入患者的脑部。
Neurosurgeons have been using lasers to treat brain cancer since 2009, but now they say the technique may also allow them to deliver chemotherapy drugs directly into the brain.
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