答案在于微小的线粒体基因组。
他们对西伯利亚洞穴的单个人类手指的线粒体基因组进行了排序。
They sequenced the mitochondrial genome of a single human finger from a Siberian cave.
目的探讨乳腺癌的线粒体基因D环区的体细胞性突变和多态性变异特征。
Objective To investigate the features of somatic mutations and polymorphisms of mitochondrial D loop regions in breast cancer.
结果分析得到几乎一半的线粒体基因定位在染色体的着丝粒和亚着丝粒区域。
Almost half of mitochondrial genes showing physical clusters were located in the pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions of the chromosome.
正如在《自然》的文章所示，微小的线粒体基因组做这些事情，并且成本很容易负担得起。
Do it for the tiny mitochondrial genome and the cost is easily affordable, as shown in the Nature paper.
这只熊的线粒体基因组是目前报告中哺乳动物中最早的了——是猛犸的基因组还要古老近两倍的时间。
The bear's mitochondrial genome is the oldest one yet reported from a mammal-nearly twice as old as the mammoth genome.
马丁揭示，在哪些可以追溯到祖先的线粒体基因上，有75%或更多的成分来自当时外来的细菌而非宿主细胞。
Martin has shown that, of the eukaryotic genes whose ancestry can be traced, 75 per cent or more came from bacteria rather than the host cell.
编码细胞色素氧化酶I亚单位（COI）的线粒体基因拥有一些额外的使其尤为适合作为进化研究分子标志的特性。
The mitochondrial gene encoding subunit I of cytochrome oxidase (COI) possesses some extra characteristics which make it particularly suitable as a molecular marker for evolutionary studies.
这个团队使用先进的技术从化石中提取出了DNA，然后为这个曾经的Denisova山洞居住者还原了一个完整的线粒体基因图谱。
Using advanced techniques for fishing DNA fragments out of fossils, the team then assembled a complete mitochondrial genome for the Denisova individual.
它很容易提取，因为它是在细胞核之外、叫做线粒体的结构里被发现的少量基因之一。
It is easily extracted, because it is one of a handful of genes found outside the cell nucleus, in structures called mitochondria.
线粒体给予真核生物每个基因四或者五个数量级多的能源，这使他们能够穿过鸿沟的墙壁，打开直通道。
Mitochondria give eukaryotes four or five orders of magnitude more energy per gene, and that enabled them to tunnel straight through the walls of the chasm.
如果细胞变得更大、更有活力，它们则需要更多的拷贝这些线粒体基因来维持生计。
If cells get bigger and more energetic, they need more copies of these mitochondrial genes to stay alive.
随后调查人员检验了他的线粒体dna，这是随着母亲谱系传宗下来的一种DNA，并发现其中包含东亚基因。
Then the researchers tested his mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down through your maternal lineage. And this fellow had east Asian genes.
早期线粒体基因狂轰滥炸的结果，就是突变率高到爆棚。
As a result of the early gene bombardment from mitochondria, the mutation rate surely shot through the roof.
这个宗族研究表明一种命名为C1e线粒体同样显示了这种基因是有一位女性带入冰岛的。
The lineage found, named C1e, is also mitochondrial, which means that the genes were introduced into Iceland by a woman.
一种名字有点象占星书术语的叫Trimastix的单细胞鞭毛虫隐隐出现在人们视野里，它也正好有线粒体基因。
An obscure single-celled flagellate with a name like a character from an Asterix book - Trimastix - also turned out to have mitochondrial genes.
线粒体的基因组并不放弃如更加完整的核基因之类的生理秘密(如同最近恢复的4 000年之久的古代人类祖先的核基因)。
A mitochondrial genome does not give away physiological secrets like the more complete nuclear genome (such as the 4,000-year-old one recently completed for an ancient human).
他们确定了从线粒体基因组提取的一个368碱基对片段的化学结构序列，并且把它与古代犬以及现代犬、狼和郊狼的序列进行了比较。
They sequenced a 368 base pair fragment from the mitochrondrial genome and then compared it to sequences from ancient dogs, as well as to sequences from modern dogs, wolves, and coyotes.
不管语言，沿海岸线的线粒体dna的层级——一个女性基因标记只携带了女性线链——是相似的。
Levels of mitochondrial DNA - a female genetic marker only carried down the female line - is similar all along the coast, regardless of language.
同一年，公开发表了首个完整的穴居人线粒体基因组；随后发表了另外五个。
That same year, the first complete mitochondrial genome of a Neandertal was published; five others soon followed.
研究人员今天公布，他们完成了对一只古代北极熊线粒体基因组的测序。
Researchers announced today that they have sequenced the mitochondrial genome of an ancient polar bear.
结合物的细胞核基因是人类的，但是一小部分其它基因（位于细胞核外的称为线粒体的组织里面）来自兔子的遗传。
The nuclear genes of the result would be human, but a handful of other genes, which inhabit structures outside the nucleus, called mitochondria, would be inherited from the rabbit.
然而，她的分析表明，线粒体基因的关系模式不同于核dna的关系模式。
However, her analysis showed that the pattern of relationships for the mitochondrial genes was different to that of the nuclear DNA.
路易十七的母亲玛丽·安托瓦·内特的亲属允许利用线粒体d NA技术，把他的心脏dna和他母亲的遗物进行基因比对，而线粒体dNA是从母亲遗传给其子女。
Bodily remains of Marie Antoinette maternal relatives allowed for genetic comparisons to the DNA in the heart using mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down from a mother to her children.
回溯到那时候，线粒体(细菌)还没象今天我们看到的这样全然地改变了染色体的面貌，但正常的细菌染色体有几千个基因。
Back then, the mitochondria didn't have stunted genomes as they do today, but normal bacterial chromosomes with several thousand genes.
同时也很容易以线粒体的结构萃取，因为它属于细胞核外的基因。
And it is easily extracted, because it is one of a handful of genes found outside the cell nucleus, in structures called mitochondria.
这些变化很容易被识别，因为线粒体dNA基因组的规模不大- - -仅仅16 000个单位- - -相比之下，细胞核内的基因组却有30亿个单位。
These changes are easy to identify because the mitochondrial DNA genome is so small - just 16, 000 units - compared with the three billion units of the genome in the cell's nucleus.
包括人类在内的很多物种，线粒体dna只能从母亲传给下一代，没有父系基因混入其中。
In many species, humans included, it passes only from mother to child. No paternal genes get mixed into it.
他们评判的标准是基因功能、ATP水平及其他一些代表线粒体功能的指标。
Their test looks at gene function, ATP levels and other measures of how well the mitochondria are working.
因此，人们理所当然的认为任何动物都带有包含全部线粒体基因的单一线粒体染色体。
Thus, it has almost been taken for granted that any animals would have a single mitochondrial chromosome with all mitochondrial genes on it.
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