明代（1368—1644年）以前，印章只是实用品，是人们在交往过程中表明身份的凭信工具。图为汉代的“皇后之玺”。
Before the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), seals were generally made for practical uses such as identification. The Empress' Seal of the Han Dynasty.
古玺印中的鸟虫文字以字形结构为基本框架，参以鸟、鱼、虫等动物的形象来形成富有图画意味的印章文字。
The basic modeling of bird-and-insect scripts is characterized by integration of characters and pictures, change of straight strokes into curved strokes and preferring complicatedness to simplicity.
古玺印中的鸟虫文字以字形结构为基本框架，参以鸟、鱼、虫等动物的形象来形成富有图画意味的印章文字。
The basic modeling of bird-and-insect scripts is characterized by integration of characters and pictures, change of straight strokes into curved strokes and preferring complicatedness to simplicity.
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