在每种情况下，都讨论了溢出的变动对R&D支出、产量、利润、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响。
The effects of change of spillovers on R&D expenditures, outputs, profits, consumer surplus and social welfare are analyzed under every case.
在有技术授权的情况下，社会福利、消费者剩余与产品品质将恒不劣于无技术授权。
The social welfare, consumer surplus, and the production quality, no matter under what form of technology licensing, are by all means no less than that without technology licensing.
本文针对上游企业和下游企业均为垄断企业的情况，对上游或下游垄断企业实施价格规制，以比较分析价格规制前后的价格、消费者剩余和社会福利。
The government don't set down the price in most of competitive industry at all, and the consumers benefit more from the competitive commodity market.
本课程将提出个体经济学的理论及消费者与生产者行为的应用及中阶的福利制度分析。
This class presents microeconomic theory and applications of consumer and producer behavior and welfare analysis at an intermediate level.
福利彩票的目标人群使各种消费者而体育彩票的目标人群市体育爱好者。
The welfare lottery targets all kinds of consumers whereas the sports lottery targets consumers that are interested in sports.
分析表明：当零售商仅具有买方垄断势力时，收取通道费会使零售商的利润增加，消费者剩余减少，对社会福利的影响取决于需求函数性质；
Analysis showed that:the case that the retailer both have the buyer and seller power, its welfare losses bigger than the case that only have the seller;
分析表明：当零售商仅具有买方垄断势力时，收取通道费会使零售商的利润增加，消费者剩余减少，对社会福利的影响取决于需求函数性质；
Analysis showed that:the case that the retailer both have the buyer and seller power, its welfare losses bigger than the case that only have the seller;
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