20世纪早期的生物学家也得出了类似的结论，不过他们从概率的角度对其进行了限定，称没有理由可以说明进化不能倒退。
Early 20th-century biologists came to a similar conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of probability, stating that there is no reason why evolution cannot run backwards.
在任何给定的时间，并非所有的数字都是等概率的。
At any given time, it is not true that all the Numbers are equiprobable.
我想从概率的概念开始讲起。
图13：基于概率的评估。
1等于对所有概率的求和。
有关计算t统计值概率的更多信息，请参阅第1部分。
For more on computing the probability of the t statistic, see Part 1.
贝伐单抗治疗法与低概率的严重不良反应有关。
Bevacizumab treatment was associated with a low rate of serious adverse events.
现在你可以在概率的基础上来量化预期效益了。
Now you can begin to quantify the anticipated benefits based on probabilities.
我们社会新的思考潜规则不再有计算概率的能力。
The new undercurrent in this is that our society no longer has the ability to calculate probabilities.
有许多关于怎样增加生儿子或是女儿的概率的故事。
THERE are numerous old wives' tales about how a couple can increase their chances of having a boy or a girl.
有关DNA鉴定的证据特别容易受到基础概率的影响。
One form of evidence that is particularly vulnerable to the base-rate effect is DNA profiling.
坐在咖啡馆里的人们在谈论着新的用来计算概率的数学。
In the coffee house, they talk of the new mathematics for calculating probability.
虽然从经验上说是可靠的，但他们是如何计算出这些概率的呢？
The history is reassuring, but how can anyone calculate such odds?
这就是一个分子处于,具有Ei能量的状态的概率的函数形式。
Well, this is our functional form for probability of a molecule being in a state with energy Ei.
但是，这也为我们提供了一种战略：不朽的路径就是找到增加概率的方法。
But this suggests a strategy: the route to immortality is to find a way to increase this probability over time.
半数受试人完全没有意识到基础概率的影响，他们的答案是95%。
About half the medics seemed totally unaware of the base-rate effect, and said that they were 95 per cent certain that the patient had the disease.
如果我们写,就像之前看到的，它就是各个状态的能量,乘以概率的和。
E So if we wrote E as we've seen in the past, it's just the sum over that energy times the probability for each state.
这使他提出了这样的推论：事件的信息容量与事件发生逆概率的对数成正比。
This led him to calculate that the information content of any event was proportional to the logarithm of its inverse probability of occurrence.
无论是两岁还是四五岁，他们选择粉色物件的概率都低于基于随机概率的预期。
At the ages of two, four and five, they chose pink less often than you'd expect based on random choices.
在这里，期望效用被定义为所有可能结果所带来效用的乘以其发生概率的加权平均值。
Expected utility is defined here as the average, weighted by the probabilities of occurrence, of the utilities attached to all possible consequences.
一定要注意，确定性因子实际上是一个统计学概率的估计值，表示正确识别目录的概率。
It is important to note that the certainty factor is actually an estimate of the statistical likelihood that the category was identified correctly.
并且清晰的，在某种程度上，或者某种方案表明你不能将低概率的平静变成为高概率的平静。
And clearly, to some extent you do, or else in the scenario above you couldn't turn a low probability of calm into a high probability of calm.
我为此困惑过一段时间，最终我得以想到另一个方程，这个方程可以克服负概率的逻辑困难。
I puzzled over it for a time and eventually I was able to think of another equation which would get over the logical difficulties of the negative probabilities.
我们同时打算识别，然而，保险业那时只是缓慢的开始，我相信那时人们还没有理解概率的概念。
We're also going to recognize, however, that insurance got a slow start because — I believe it is because — people could not understand the concept of probability.
简单地说，我们经常需要预测某件事在将来是否发生，而这种预测的效果会受到基础概率的影响。
This, put simply, is the effect that the chances of an event occurring at all-its base-rate-have on our ability to predict it.
一些地质学家认为他们当前使用的方法，即基于概率的地震威胁分析，可能会低估地震威胁的可能性。
Some geologists feel that the method they used, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, may underestimate the possibility of earthquake hazards.
其中一条关于试图回答休谟理论的便是，归纳法实际上可以经由纯粹的推理证明，而不是演示，诉之于概率的除外。
One way of trying to answer Hume is to show that actually induction can be justified by pure reason but by appeal to probability rather than demonstration.
其中一条关于试图回答休谟理论的便是，归纳法实际上可以经由纯粹的推理证明，而不是演示，诉之于概率的除外。
One way of trying to answer Hume is to show that actually induction can be justified by pure reason but by appeal to probability rather than demonstration.
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