复制原点的结构和功能是控制染色体复制的关键因素。
The structure and function of Origins are key elements to control DNA duplication.
染色体复制后仍由同一个着丝粒连在一起的两条子染色体。
Chromatids --- The two parallel strands of chromatin, connected at the centromere, that constitute a chromosome after DNA synthesis.
当这种景象产生时，细菌会制做一份包含病毒粒子在内的自身染色体复制。
When this happens a bacterium makes a copy of its chromosome, which includes the virus particle.
如果这些染色体复制过程的自然结果所造成的纠结没有被解开，染色体就不能被分离并送到两个子细胞中。
If these tangles, which are a natural consequence of the DNA copying process, are left unresolved the chromosomes cannot be separated and sent to the two nascent daughter cells.
绍斯塔克说：“当我们着手这项研究时，我们真的只是对有关DNA复制的基本原理及如何维护染色体末端感兴趣。”
Szostak said: "When we started the work, we were really just interested in the very basic question about DNA replication, how the ends of chromosomes are maintained."
在病毒的基因可以被使用之前，病毒一定要把它的基因复制到宿主的染色体中。
The virus must copy its genes into the host cells' chromosomes before these genes can be used.
已经被复制的染色体则又被重新送回到了原细胞的细胞核中，这样做以前一向被认为是不可能的。
Duplicate chromosomes were sent back to the center of the original cell, an event once thought impossible.
他们研究被称为拷贝数变异（CNV）的染色体的删减和复制，发现在患有多动症的儿童中有 16%都存在。
Their study looked for chromosomal deletions and duplications known as copy number variants (CNV) and found that these were present in 16% of the children with ADHD.
染色体组包涵很多基因，太多的错误复制，损伤和遗漏会导致数以万计的基因改变。
Chromosomes contain many genes, so mis-copies, breaks and omissions lead to tens of thousands of genetic changes.
有的时候，它们会先复制下染色体，但是会等到特定的时间再集中生成后代。
Other times they copy their chromosomes but hold off parceling them out to their army of offspring until the time is right.
布莱克本和卓斯塔克测定，端粒中一段特殊的DNA序列在细胞分裂染色体自我复制时保护了染色体免受损耗。
Blackburn and Szostak determined that it was a specific DNA sequence in the telomeres that kept chromosomes from fraying whenever they were copied when a cell splits in two.
人类的大多数变异基因都是中性的，这意味着变异之所以被激发不是出于自然选择，而是由于产生了良性变异或染色体在复制时候发生了混乱。
Most variation in the human genome is neutral, meaning that it arose not by natural selection but by processes like harmless mutations and the random shuffling of the genome between generations.
这项新的技术是利用一种叫作极体的物质携带CGH，它能率先检测出卵细胞的染色体是否丢失是否已经复制。
The technique, called polar body array comparative genomic hybridisation, is the first that can check all of an egg's chromosomes to see if any are missing or duplicated.
当这些微型染色体注入到酵母细胞中后，在细胞分裂时，这种CCCCAA的DNA序列在复制时对染色体起到了保护作用，就像鞋带末端的塑料帽对鞋带起到的防磨损作用。
When these were injected into yeast, the DNA sequence protected the chromosomes when they were copied, just as the plastic tips at the ends of shoelaces stop them from fraying.
他补充说，如果多线粒体染色体上的DNA同时复制，那么复制整个线粒体基因组将更快。
He added that if the DNA on multiple mitochondrial chromosomes is replicating in concert, replication of the entire mitochondrial genome would occur faster.
人体X染色体的显微扫描照片。 （得到照片研究中心允许而复制） X染色体是Y染色体的三倍大，而且也传递着比其多100倍的基因信息。
The X chromosome is three times the size of the Y chromosome and carries 100 times the genetic information.
我们称这些复制的染色体为双体。
We can refer to these duplicated chromosomes as making up a doublet.
癌细胞可以无限制的复制而不经受染色体的损伤因为它们可以保持它们的端粒。
Cancer cells have the ability to keep on dividing without suffering chromosome damage because they preserve their telomeres.
紫杉醇还能抑制有丝分裂所需的微管网再生，妨碍有丝分裂纺锤体的形成导致染色体的断裂，抑制了肿瘤细胞的复制。
Taxol can inhibit mitosis of the microtubule network renewable, prevent mitotic spindle lead to the formation of chromosome break, inhibit the replication of tumor cells.
随着染色体的复制，着丝粒始终连接着形成的两个染色单体。
Following the replication of chromosomes resultant chromatids remain attached at the centromere.
伴随DNA改变的基因损伤会导致基因的点突变、染色体间基因移位和扩增性基因复制。
Genetic damage with DNA alterations leads to point mutations of genes, translocations of genetic material between chromosomes, and gene reduplication with amplification.
男性(谁只有一个染色体)，一个改变复制的基因在每个细胞就足以造成的条件。
In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition.
本文就微小染色体维持蛋白在复制中的作用简单综述。
This paper summarizes the roles of minichromosome maintenace proteins in DNA replication.
微小染色体维持蛋白家族是复制执照系统的重要组成成分，共有八个亚基。
The family of minichromosome maintenance proteins is an important member of replication licensing system and is composed of eight subunits.
在雌性个体中，遗传功能失活的晚复制x染色体淡染色，可以和常染色体以及另一条X染色体鉴别。
In female individuals a late replicating X chromosome which genetically was inactive slightly stained and could be discriminated from the autosomes and other X chromosome.
细胞分裂中染色体因其末端的DNA不能完全复制而短缩，使细胞逐渐失去增殖能力，导致细胞衰老、死亡。
In cells division chromosome length is shorten for the ending DNA couldn't be replicated completely, and the loss of telomere DNA will lead to senescence and death.
通常情况下，错误导致21号染色体的多余复制，引发唐氏综合症。
Often, the error resulted in an extra copy of chromosome 21, which causes Down's syndrome.
微小染色体维持蛋白1和10虽然不归属前者，但其功能却与复制密切相关。
Mcm1 and Mcm10 do not belong to the former, but their function is associated with replication.
复制染色体和突变概率；
The steps include coping chromosome and mutation probability;
复制染色体和突变概率；
The steps include coping chromosome and mutation probability;
应用推荐