这个起源于欧洲的概念，在20世纪50年代末被美国城市规划者采用。
The concept which originated in Europe was adopted by American city planners in the late 1950s.
自20世纪90年代末，工程师们就已经想到了一些方法来将开源的概念应用于计算机和电子硬件。
Since the late 1990s, engineers have sought ways to apply open source concepts to computer and electronic hardware.
早期的远程学习借助于邮政系统，现在使用的是计算机、卫星和互联网。 远程学习并不是一个崭新的概念，最早的远程学习可能是皮特曼组织于十九世纪末开设的速记课程。
The first structured distance learning or correspondence courses were probably the shorthand courses offered by the Pitman organization at the end of the 19th century.
在最优预测中制导律的基础上，提出预测交班点的概念，设计一种使导弹在中末制导交班时刻性能最优的中制导律。
Based on the optimal prediction midcourse guidance law, the concept of predicted handover point was proposed, and a handover performance optimal midcourse guidance law was proposed.
利用鞅的概念，得到了该模型下的最终破产概率、盈余首次和末次达到给定水平时刻的分布。
Using the notion of martingale, the paper obtains the ultimate ruin probability and the distributions of the first and the last arrival time of a given level.
自从面向对象概念于八十年代末提出以来，面向对象技术一直是研究的热点，用面向对象的方法开发软件已成为主潮流。
The Object-Oriented software developing technique, after the concept of Object-Oriented was put forward in 1980s', has been the focus of software organizations.
70年代末以来，拉亨曼在“器乐具体音乐”的基础上开始探索新的作曲观念和技术方式，进一步提出了“审美装置”的概念。
Lachenmann put forward the "aesthetic apparatus" concept based on what he has conquered since the late 1970s, in order to explore new concepts and technical means on composition.
70年代末以来，拉亨曼在“器乐具体音乐”的基础上开始探索新的作曲观念和技术方式，进一步提出了“审美装置”的概念。
Lachenmann put forward the "aesthetic apparatus" concept based on what he has conquered since the late 1970s, in order to explore new concepts and technical means on composition.
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