生物学上的假设包括生态变化，这些变化是由昆虫和开花植物之间的共同进化，或海洋中以海底生物为食的捕食者的进化所带来的。
Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans.
事实上，一些裸鳃亚目动物会从它们的食物中储存毒素，使得这种类似鼻涕虫的生物对捕食者来说是致命的。
Indeed, some nudibranchs store up toxins from their diet of poisonous sponges, making the slug-like creatures themselves deadly to predators.
大约4万6千年前，在一种使用工具、高度智能的捕食者入侵后不久，澳大利亚主要的陆地生物发生了一些巨大的变化。
Something dramatic happened to Australia's dominant land creatures—somewhere around 46,000 years ago, strikingly soon after the invasion of a tool-wielding, highly intelligent predator.
今天，生物学家利用21世纪的工具来研究细胞和DNA，开始了解这些植物是如何捕食和消化的——以及这些奇异的适应性最初是如何产生的。
Today, biologists, using 21st-century tools to study cells and DNA, are beginning to understand how these plants hunt, eat and digest—and how such bizarre adaptations arose in the first place.
他们是最令人作呕的海底生物，如果这还不是最贱的话，它们还长着一根在捕食时充当诱饵的肉质“钓竿”。
They are disgusting bottom-dwellers, and if that isn't the lowest of the low, they also have a spine that doubles as bait for prey.
动物行为杂志于本月在线发布的一项新的研究结果则表明，捕食者如果尝到了坏味道的肉，就能学会不去招惹闪光的生物。
A new study published online this month in Animal Behaviour, however, reveals that, if a meal tastes bad, predators learn to avoid the blinking.
这种病害已经有数十年未曾遇到，所以世界上大多数种类的小麦已经在生物圈中捕食及被捕食的进化规则中落了下风。
After decades in which they have not encountered the disease most of the world's wheat varieties have fallen behind in the endless battle of thrust and counter-thrust waged by predators and prey.
现在我们用bugbear来指令人讨厌的事物，让人心烦的事。但最初，bugbear被认为是一种超自然的生物，有着熊的外形，专门捕食小孩。
Now we think of a bugbear as something annoying, a thing that bugs you, but originally a bugbear was thought to be a supernatural creature in the form of a bear that specifically preyed on children.
图示生物有3米长，6700万年前在捕食过程中被定格成了永恒的瞬间。
The creature, which was three metres long, was "caught in the act" of pursuing a meal 67m years ago.
同样不清楚的是海螺捕食法是如何出现的：或许是海绵捕食法的一个变化，又或者是有一种智慧可以与我们自己匹敌，可是缺少手指和手的生物，灵光一闪而出现的。
Also unknown is how conching emerged: as a variation on sponging, perhaps, or in flashes of insight from creatures whose intelligence may rival our own but happen to lack fingers and hands.
地中海研究项目报告说塑料微粒是一种持续的危害，当它们同浮游生物混合被小鱼吞吃后然后小鱼会再被大的捕食者吃掉。
Expedition MED said that micro-sized plastic is an enduring hazard, as it becomes mixed with plankton, which is then ingurgitated by small fish that are then eaten by larger predators.
“据推测它们后来在海洋里被鱼类和其他捕食类生物所取代，”他说。
"It presumably was ultimately replaced by fishes or other kinds of predators in later oceans," he said.
浮游动物（微小的海洋生物）通常吃浮游植物，而其本身又是小鱼和其它动物的捕食对象。
Phytoplankton are typically eaten by zooplankton - tiny marine animals - which themselves are prey for small fish and other animals.
从研究田移除最高级捕食者导致一连串变化，最终清除海藻的小生物也会减少。
Keeping top predators away from study plots began a cascade of changes that eventually led to fewer small creatures grazing on algae.
它——温和的巨人，是滤食动物，通过在游泳时张大嘴巴来捕食浮游生物与小鱼。
The gentle giants are filter feeders, swimming with their wide mouths open to collect plankton and small fish.
当被捕食者抓住时，这种水母会发光，这一过程被称为生物体发光。
When caught by a predator, A. wyvillei lights up in a process called bioluminescence.
生物学家认为这种植物进化出捕食的能力是适应潮湿、贫瘠土壤的一种途径。
Biologists suggest that the plants evolved the ability to capture prey as a way to adapt to living in moist, nutrient-poor soils.
科学家介绍说，这条蛇足足花了132小时才彻底消化了被捕食到的老鼠。研究人员在捷克共和国首都布拉格举行的实验生物学学会的年度会议上展示了自己的成果。
It took 132 hours for the snake to fully digest the rat, scientists said, when they presented the study at the Society for Experimental Biology's annual meeting in Prague, Czech Republic.
尽管刚开始蜘蛛对两种生物都会进行攻击，但那些追捕萤火虫的很快学会了避免捕食发光led。
Though the spiders initially attacked both insects, those that went after the fireflies quickly learned to avoid the flashing LED.
病毒，归根结底，属于“细菌的初级捕食者，”DanielleWinget在一份新文献中解释道，他是英属哥伦比亚大学的生物学家。
Viruses, after all, are among the "primary predators of bacteria," explained Danielle Winget, a biologist at the University of British Columbia, in the new documentary.
还有密度制约的生物因素，诸如病害、捕食和种内竞争等。
There are as well as density-dependent biological factors such as disease, predation, and intraspecific competition .
摘要本文通过生物控制和化学控制提出了具有周期脉冲效应与害虫控制的捕食系统。
In this paper predator-prey systems with periodic impulsive effect concerning pest control are proposed through biological control and chemical control.
所以，鱼类用眼睛来定位浮游生物，而水母依靠身体的尺寸，就像狮子的鬃毛一样，水母那长达37米的卷须，大大增加了它捕食成功的可能性。
So where fishes use their eyes to spot planktonic prey, jellyfishes rely on body size—like the lion's mane jellyfish's 37-meter-long tentacles—to maximize their success.
Ainley和Ballard在本周的《极地生物学》中指出，害怕被捕食已经影响到企鹅的日常活动，甚至它们的迁徙规律。
Fear of predators doesn't just affect the penguins' daily activities, however. It also influences the birds' migration patterns, Ainley and Ballard report this week in Polar Biology.
生物学家正在想方设法，通过捕食关系的多寡来确定哪些物种更加稀缺，方法之一就是Google的搜索算法。
Biologists have been looking for ways to determine the most important species based on the number of feeding-related interactions, and surprisingly the Google search algorithm is playing a part.
它的网使它在捕食时拥有很大的战术优势，但Nephila蜘蛛通常不会用这网来杀死比它大几倍的生物。
The web is a big tactical advantage, and it is not unusual for Nephila to kill organisms several times their size.
哈斯汀认为，这种新发现的、命名为“Cerrejonisuchus improcerus ”的生物，是不会被泰坦莽轻而易举捕食的。
Hastings thinks the newly identified species, named Cerrejonisuchus improcerus, would've been easy pickings for Titanoboa.
哈斯汀认为，这种新发现的、命名为“Cerrejonisuchus improcerus ”的生物，是不会被泰坦莽轻而易举捕食的。
Hastings thinks the newly identified species, named Cerrejonisuchus improcerus, would've been easy pickings for Titanoboa.
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