语言是研究人与人之间交际的抽象系统。
Language is an abstract system used for human communication.
第一级包括性能对象，它是可以为物理设备建模，或者抽象系统中组件的单元。
The first level consists of the performance object, which is a unit that can model a physical device or abstract component in a system.
作者建造的抽象系统仅仅存在于他的脑海里，它的物理表现(书)仅仅是为了方便的保存和发行的一种手段。
The abstract system that an author constructs exists only in his mind, and the physical manifestation — the book — is only a convenient means of storage and distribution.
自从一个体系架构只把焦点集中在这些元素上以来，它就提供了一个抽象的系统，因而提供了一个复杂的管理方法。
Since an architecture focuses on only those elements that are significant, it provides an abstraction of the system and therefore provides a means of managing complexity.
递归的系统分解和从抽象到具体的转换。
Recursive system decomposition and transformation from the abstract to the concrete.
只有内核才可以直接与SPU进行通信，因此需要将硬件接口抽象为系统调用或设备驱动程序。
Only the kernel can directly communicate with an SPU and therefore needs to abstract the hardware interface into system calls or device drivers.
由于体系架构只关注那些重要的组成要素，所以它提供了一个系统的抽象，并且从而提供了一种管理复杂性的方式。
Since an architecture focuses only on those elements that are significant, it provides an abstraction of the system and therefore provides a means of managing complexity.
狭义上讲，它是关于一个系统的不同的抽象模型，和在模型之间的定义良好的模型转换。
In the narrowest sense, it is about different abstract models of a system, and well-defined model transformations among them.
首先，我们会通过一个简单的示例演示此方法，然后提出一个基于正式抽象层次的系统产品的结构。
We first demonstrate the approach through a simple example, and then propose a structure of system artifacts based on formal levels of abstraction.
上一期文章中还讨论了我计划如何改进现有的设计，以便从文件系统中抽象出XM。
In my previous article, I also discusses how I plan to evolve the existing design to abstract XM from the file system.
因此SGML定义了一种更抽象的文件系统视图，称为实体。
So SGML defined a more abstract view of the file system, called entities.
因此SGML定义了一种更抽象的文件系统视图，称为实体。
So SGML defined a more abstract view of the file system, called entities.
虽然它不是仅为了虚拟基础设施而设计，但它却可以通过抽象对等操作系统的细节而简化大型基础设施的管理。
Although not designed solely for virtualized infrastructures, it simplifies the management of large infrastructures by abstracting the details of the peer operating system.
相反，有一个信号系统来抽象控制器与视图之间的交互。
Instead, a signaling system is in place to abstract the interaction of controller and view.
GUI对某个实现(而不是抽象)的依赖会对系统造成限制。
The GUI's dependence on an implementation rather than an abstraction limits the system.
详细要求指定了系统要求的最低层次抽象。
The detailed requirements specify the lowest level abstraction of the system requirements.
系统设计师使用抽象层次为计算机系统建模。
System designers model computer systems using levels of abstraction.
这个抽象层允许任何操作系统在硬件上运行，而不需要了解任何其他客户操作系统。
This abstraction layer allows any operating system to run on the hardware without knowledge of any other guest operating system.
在结束项目时，您将拥有系统的抽象模型、构建数据库的SQL代码和用于每个表的PHP包装器。
By the end of this project, you'll have an abstract model of your system, SQL code to build the database, and PHP wrappers for each table.
由于逻辑或物理模型是现实中的系统的抽象，它通常非常复杂，由很多构建块和关系组成。
Because a logical or physical model is an abstraction of the real-world system, it is usually very complicated, and it consists of many building blocks and relationships.
而虚拟文件系统（VFS)是内核中支持的大多数文件系统的抽象层。
The virtual file system (VFS) is the abstraction layer for the multitude of file systems that are supported in the kernel.
在VFS下面是文件系统抽象，它定义了上层函数的实现方式。
At the bottom of the VFS are the file system abstractions that define how the upper-layer functions are implemented.
除了从底层文件系统抽象文件操作的细节之外，VFS还将底层块设备绑定到可用的文件系统。
In addition to abstracting the details of file operations from the underlying file systems, VFS ties the underlying block devices to the available file systems.
粗粒度组件在业务系统中只有较少量的抽象。
Coarse-grained components are reserved to a smaller set of abstractions in a business system.
为了保持本文的简洁，图7只展示了业务层的静态设计，以便说明系统层抽象是如何针对设计进行改进的。
To keep this article brief, Figure 7 presents just the static design for the business layer to show how the system-level abstractions are refined to the design.
图1是看板系统的抽象模型。
模型提供了一个物理系统的抽象，模型可以让工程师们通过忽略无关的细节而把注意力放到系统的重要部分来思考系统。
Models provide abstractions of a physical system that allow engineers to reason about that system by ignoring extraneous details while focusing on relevant ones.
虚拟文件系统是基础物理文件系统的抽象。
The virtual file system is an abstraction of the underlying physical file system.
RUP将模型定义为系统的抽象表示或模拟，可从特定的角度提供对系统的完整描述。
RUP describes a model as an abstract representation or simulation of a system that provides a complete description of the system from a particular perspective.
8在这种含义下，一个架构是一个系统的抽象，可以帮助架构师管理复杂性。
In this sense, an architecture is an abstraction of the system that helps an architect manage complexity.
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