这些对象的结构性能进行了研究的群，环，域和其他抽象的系统，其本身这样的对象的研究。
The structural properties of these objects are investigated in the study of groups, rings, fields and other abstract systems, which are themselves such objects.
自从一个体系架构只把焦点集中在这些元素上以来，它就提供了一个抽象的系统，因而提供了一个复杂的管理方法。
Since an architecture focuses on only those elements that are significant, it provides an abstraction of the system and therefore provides a means of managing complexity.
递归的系统分解和从抽象到具体的转换。
Recursive system decomposition and transformation from the abstract to the concrete.
因此SGML定义了一种更抽象的文件系统视图，称为实体。
So SGML defined a more abstract view of the file system, called entities.
因此SGML定义了一种更抽象的文件系统视图，称为实体。
So SGML defined a more abstract view of the file system, called entities.
详细要求指定了系统要求的最低层次抽象。
The detailed requirements specify the lowest level abstraction of the system requirements.
GUI对某个实现(而不是抽象)的依赖会对系统造成限制。
The GUI's dependence on an implementation rather than an abstraction limits the system.
另一方面，许多项目经常缺少一些重要的，连接系统各部分的模型和抽象。
On the other hand, many projects are often missing some key models and abstractions that connect various parts of the system.
第一级包括性能对象，它是可以为物理设备建模，或者抽象系统中组件的单元。
The first level consists of the performance object, which is a unit that can model a physical device or abstract component in a system.
我觉得在我的职业生涯中，最大的变化在于人们不再把神经系统简单地当做一群抽象的子系统来研究，却对行为不管不问。
I think the major change that has occurred during my career is the fact that people no longer study the nervous system simply as a set of abstract subsystems, without recourse to behavior.
粗粒度组件在业务系统中只有较少量的抽象。
Coarse-grained components are reserved to a smaller set of abstractions in a business system.
图1是看板系统的抽象模型。
松散耦合应用程序中的组件依赖于各种接口和抽象类，而紧密耦合的系统则与之相反，其组件依赖于各种具体的类。
Its components rely on interfaces and abstract classes as opposed to concrete ones, as they would in a tightly coupled system.
8在这种含义下，一个架构是一个系统的抽象，可以帮助架构师管理复杂性。
In this sense, an architecture is an abstraction of the system that helps an architect manage complexity.
这与hypervisor从客户(guest)操作系统对裸机进行抽象的方式很相似。
This is similar to the way that hypervisors abstract the bare hardware from the guest operating systems.
通过可转换的抽象，对类似系统中的部分设计进行重用。
Reuse parts of your design in similar systems through transferable abstractions.
由于体系架构只关注那些重要的组成要素，所以它提供了一个系统的抽象，并且从而提供了一种管理复杂性的方式。
Since an architecture focuses only on those elements that are significant, it provides an abstraction of the system and therefore provides a means of managing complexity.
分析会在较高的(概念级)抽象级别上对将要构建的系统进行描述。
Analysis involves describing what the system to be built is at a high (conceptual) level of abstraction.
逆向工程是对一个已存在系统的分析处理，以鉴别它的组成部分及它们的内在联系，从而以高层抽象性来构建一个系统的框架。
Reverse engineering is a process of analysing an existing system to identify its components and their interrelationships and to create representations of the system at a high level of abstraction.
狭义上讲，它是关于一个系统的不同的抽象模型，和在模型之间的定义良好的模型转换。
In the narrowest sense, it is about different abstract models of a system, and well-defined model transformations among them.
作者建造的抽象系统仅仅存在于他的脑海里，它的物理表现(书)仅仅是为了方便的保存和发行的一种手段。
The abstract system that an author constructs exists only in his mind, and the physical manifestation — the book — is only a convenient means of storage and distribution.
首先，我们会通过一个简单的示例演示此方法，然后提出一个基于正式抽象层次的系统产品的结构。
We first demonstrate the approach through a simple example, and then propose a structure of system artifacts based on formal levels of abstraction.
例如，在逻辑视点中，我们创建子系统来表示抽象的，高级的功能元素。
For example, in the Logical viewpoint, we create subsystems to represent abstract, high-level elements of functionality.
因为可以非常轻松地将表单转换为XML，所以现在构建主要由业务目标(以直观方式表示的)驱动的，而不是通过抽象的计算范例驱动的系统成为可能。
Because forms can be converted into XML so easily, it is now possible to build systems that are driven primarily by business objectives in intuitive ways, rather than by abstract computing paradigms.
除了从底层文件系统抽象文件操作的细节之外，VFS还将底层块设备绑定到可用的文件系统。
In addition to abstracting the details of file operations from the underlying file systems, VFS ties the underlying block devices to the available file systems.
为了保持本文的简洁，图7只展示了业务层的静态设计，以便说明系统层抽象是如何针对设计进行改进的。
To keep this article brief, Figure 7 presents just the static design for the business layer to show how the system-level abstractions are refined to the design.
虽然它不是仅为了虚拟基础设施而设计，但它却可以通过抽象对等操作系统的细节而简化大型基础设施的管理。
Although not designed solely for virtualized infrastructures, it simplifies the management of large infrastructures by abstracting the details of the peer operating system.
虚拟文件系统是基础物理文件系统的抽象。
The virtual file system is an abstraction of the underlying physical file system.
从建模的观点来看，由此带来的挑战是如何描述设计良好的操作、服务和流程抽象的特征以及如何系统地构造它们。
From a modeling standpoint, the resulting challenge is how well-designed operation, service, and process abstractions can be characterized and constructed systematically.
在松散耦合的系统中，其组件是使用抽象而不是实现来相互关连的。
In a loosely coupled system, components are interrelated using abstractions instead of implementations.
应用推荐