给出适应性观测理论和集合变换卡尔曼滤波方法及其研究现状的综述。
This paper presents the main idea of adaptive observation and ensemble transform Kalman filter and their development.
鲍恩说，早期的探险者已经观测过这条路的一小段，但他们没有意识到它的重要性，也没有继续进行观测。
Short segments of the road had been observed by earlier explorers, Bown said, but they failed to realize its significance or follow up on their observations.
科学观测和计算的准确性，总是受制于科学家的计时方法。
The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods.
它大体的准确性可以通过日出日落等很容易观测的现象来证明。
Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun.
长期以来，这种密度上的相似性促使人们猜测月球是从快速旋转的地球上分裂出来的，但这种想法创始于两次观测。
This similarity in density has long prompted speculation that the Moon split away from a rapidly rotating Earth, but this idea founders on two observations.
由于每个国家只有一个观测结果，因此不可能控制各国间未观察到的异质性。
With only one observation per country, it is impossible to control for unobserved heterogeneity across countries.
在人类身上做的研究都是观测性的。结果表明，使用手机与癌症有一定联系，但不是因果关系。
The human studies all are observational, showing only an association between cellphone use and cancer, not a causal relationship.
作者提到，总的来说，模型对于结构类似SCI 111的超星系团和我们已经在宇宙中观测到的大部分其它大部分超星系团的适用性很好。
The authors note that models have generally done a good job of being able to account for structures similar to SCl 111 and most other superclusters we have observed in the universe.
这些观测，包括neutralinos存在的可能性，意味着暗物质看上去像是一个已知的未知，我们知道它的存在，但是却知之甚少。
These observations, along with the likely existence of neutralinos, mean that dark matter looks like a known unknown.
塔勒布：统计学学科的基础建立在所谓大量数字的规则性上：只要你增大样本容量，没有任何单个的观测结果能损害到你的理论。
Nassim Nicholas Taleb: the field of statistics is based on something called the law of large Numbers: as you increase your sample size, no single observation is going to hurt you.
理论和一些观测数据则指向他们曾经普遍存在的可能性。
Theory and some observational data pointed to the likelihood that they were ubiquitous.
这个理论诞生于对其他星系的观测，他们在各个方向上以极高的速度远离我们的星系，好像都被某个古老的爆炸性力量推进着。
This theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speed, in all directions, as if they had all been propelled by an ancient explosive force.
但是，如果气候变暖发生的范围在比先前观测到的范围更广，这将增加南极大陆大冰架融化的可能性，从而改变世界海平面。
But if warming is occurring across a wider area than previously observed, that could increase the possibility of large ice shelves melting off the continent and changing sea levels around the world.
另外一方面，他写到“我们不能证明没有第五颗行星”，还没有人要求他们观测的精确性，以证明这个小型外系行星的缺乏。
On the other hand, "we can't prove there is no fifth planet." No one yet has the required precision in their observations to prove the absence of such a small exoplanet, he notes.
这一图像只是个概念性的示意图，不过也是基于太空时代以来的实际科学观测。
This view is conceptual, but based on real science observations that have been made since the beginning of the Space Age.
后面的反对意见发源于对多元宇宙缺乏科学严密性的完全摒弃；毕竟天文观测不能发觉交互现实。
The latter objections stem from an outright dismissal of the multiverse for its lack of scientific rigor; after all, astronomical observations cannot detect the alternate realities.
对于获得更新更大的8米级望远镜或者哈勃太空望远镜的观测时间仍具有挑战性。
Obtaining observing time on one of the newer, more powerful 8-meter telescopes or on the HST was, and remains, more challenging.
在金融界中，这是一种重要的观测方法，许多投机性资产的收益，都是服从长尾分布的。
It's a very important observation in finance that returns on a lot of speculative assets have fat-tailed distributions.
这种侦察特点可应用于任何植物，甚至可以一次性侦查出多种不同污染物——这些改变也可以从卫星图像中观测到。
The detection traits could be used in any plant and could detect multiple pollutants at once - changes that can also be detected by satellite.
科学家检视这些地图与数据，与过去风暴(如纳吉斯)的实际观测做比较，来评估模型的准确性。
Scientists study the maps and data from the model and compare them against real observations of a past storm (like Nargis) to evaluate the model's accuracy.
H1N1病毒导致的疾病和死亡模式显著不同于季节性流感期间观测到的情况。
The pattern of illness and death caused by the H1N1 virus differed in striking ways from that seen during seasonal influenza.
长期以来，研究植物的科学家采用卫星测量植被的新鲜指数，即观测植物反射阳光值，预测植物的状态。 植物新鲜指数的变化是季节性的。
Scientists who study plants and trees from space have long relied on satellite-derived measures of “greenness”—that is, observations of the amount of sunlight reflected by vegetation.
他表示，观测站的预警标识在戈马城到处都有，这些标识会显示喷发的风险等级，绿色代表低危险性，红色则代表喷发即将来临。
Warning flags at stations throughout town, he said, announce the risk level of an eruption, from green, indicating low danger, to red, meaning an eruption is imminent.
一些云分析师正在考虑使用事实情况：不同于放射性尘埃，火山灰可在远处被观测到，从而做出更好的结论。
Some cloud modellers are considering using the fact that ash, unlike fallout, can be seen from afar to make better calculations.
两份权威性的报道显示了观测到的确实是行星。
为了在科学上是有用的，所选择的概念必须是可操作化的；也就是说，它们的概念性含义必须与实证上可观测的事实相对应。
To be scientifically useful, the concepts chosen must be operational; that is, their conceptual meanings must correspond to empirically observable facts.
研究者们一边利用核磁共振仪器观测女性大脑的活动，一边对她们的身体进行突然性的刺激。
Researchers used MRIs to monitor the women's brains while administering stinging shocks to their body.
ThinkTime指定当测试由多个虚拟用户运行时，对于每个用户观测的程序性计算的时间延迟。
Think Time specifies the programmatically-calculated time delay that is observed for each user when this test is run with multiple virtual users.
那儿的大气环境、较低的平均温度、以及非常低的湿度将利于我们采用适应性光学（adaptive optics）和红外观测仪探索出令人振奋的新空间。
The atmospheric conditions, low average temperatures, and very low humidity will open an exciting new discovery space using adaptive optics and infrared observations.
那儿的大气环境、较低的平均温度、以及非常低的湿度将利于我们采用适应性光学（adaptive optics）和红外观测仪探索出令人振奋的新空间。
The atmospheric conditions, low average temperatures, and very low humidity will open an exciting new discovery space using adaptive optics and infrared observations.
应用推荐