在蚜虫中发现的另外一种内共生体则阐明了必须基因的另一种可能的命运。
A second endosymbiont, found in aphids, illustrates another possible fate for the genes of a hanger-on.
然而，在蚂蚁身上没有文化传承——一切都必须在基因中编码——而在人类身上恰恰相反。
However, in ants there is no cultural transmission — everything must be encoded in the genes — whereas in humans the opposite is true.
我们只是必须非常非常小心，尤其当我们坚定断言一特定基因与疾病的结合。
We just have to be very, very careful especially when we assert with certainly the association of a particular gene and disease.
如果我们能有所回馈，也就是找到长寿相关的基因，这肯定是我们必须要做的事情。
And if we're able to give back, to find genes associated with longevity, it's really something we have to do.
为此，他们必须首先确定一种新型条码，因为植物中没有细胞色素氧化酶(COI)基因。
In doing so, they have had to identify a new kind of barcode, as the COI gene is not found in plants.
证明这些想法的唯一途径就是用这些基因人工构建一个的染色体，而且我们必须用基于表达框的方式来达到这一目的。
The only way to prove these ideas was to construct an artificial chromosome with those genes in them, and we had to do this in a cassette-based fashion.
流感病毒不断发生基因变化并需要符合正在传播的流感毒株的疫苗以便产生作用，所以每年必须调整季节性流感疫苗。
Influenza viruses constantly undergo genetic changes and require vaccines that match the circulating influenza strains to be effective, so seasonal influenza vaccines have to be modified annually.
而令人吃惊的是，女孩们必须使FOXL2基因一直保持活跃状态。
The surprise is that girls have to keep the FOX L2 gene active forever.
通过这样，研究者缩小了可能性直到他们确定产烷必须的基因和酶。
From there, the researchers narrowed down the possibilities until they identified the genes and enzymes necessary for alkane production.
而科学家也必须确定他们将基因拿掉只是暂时性的，否则细胞可能会无止境地不断生长，进而造成癌细胞的产生。
Scientists still need to ensure that they can deactivate those genes only temporarily; otherwise he muscle cells may start to divide uncontrollably, leading to cancer.
他们通过将产烷必须的基因植入大肠杆菌并对最终产生的烷进行测量，验证了他们的发现。
They confirmed their discovery by incorporating the genes into e. coli and measuring the alkanes that the bacteria subsequently made.
一个基因要起作用，必须通过信使分子将信息转录给细胞。
For a gene to do its work, it has to be transcribed into a molecular messenger.
因为基因的植入有可能导致危险的基因突变。除此之外，研究人员还必须想办法让植入的基因在细胞分化时自动分解。
Because adding new genes may cause unsafe mutations, the researchers must also figure out how to make the new genes delete themselves during cellular division.
不过就目前而言，CGIAR开展的研究项目中最具有挑战性的还是改变水稻光合作用的途径，这就必须进行一丝不苟的基因重组。
By far the most ambitious project on CGIAR's list, though, involves transforming the way in which rice photosynthesises. That will require some serious genetic restructuring.
可是扬西说那些捐献者在基因上是必须符合，而且不能牵涉到金钱交易，贩卖人体器官是违法的。
He listened carefully as Yancey explained that the living donor had to be a genetic match. And that no money could change hands, that it is illegal to sell body parts.
即便如此，整体情况是清楚的：10年前，基因焦点全部是自己，现在他们必须要和一个大型IT，而且越来凑合越多。
Even so, the overall picture is clear: 10 years ago, genes had the spotlight all to themselves. Now they have to share it with a large, and growing, ensemble.
在《自私的基因》这本书里，理查德·道金斯【2】写道，我们必须“试图去教导人们慷慨和利他，因为我们生来就是自私的。”
In The selfish gene, Richard Dawkins writes that we must "try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are born selfish".
为了激活这些辅助基因，那些被称为乙酰群的化学物质必须首先释放出那些紧紧被包裹住的脱氧核糖核酸。
To activate helper genes, chemical tags called acetyl groups must first loosen tightly wrapped DNA.
为了了解那些基因云发生的情况，遗传学研究者们必须找到开启和关闭基因的生物学开关。
Hoping to understand what's happening in those clouds, epigenetics researchers have focused on biochemical switches that turn genes on and off.
如果发明中利用了基因资源，专利申请人必须申明其所使用的所有从人、动植物或微生物中获取的遗传物质。
They require patent applicants to declare any use of hereditary material obtained from humans, animals, plants or microbes if inventions are dependent on those genetic resources.
这类顾忌要成为一个问题，其前提必须是：经基因改造的鱼其生存和繁殖能力要比那些经过数百万年的自然选择挑选出来鱼更高。
For that to be a problem, it would have to be the case that the modified fish were better at surviving and reproducing than those honed by millions of years of natural selection.
但是如果一种转基因植物包含一种药物成分或其他必须从食品供给中除去的新成分，答案会很不同。
But if a genetically engineered plant contains a pharmaceutical or other new compound that must be kept out of the food supply, the answers could be very different.
要求基因测定公司必须在掌握确凿证据之后，才可声称能够确定某种疾病与某段基因序列之间存在联系，这也是明智的做法。
It might also be wise to consider asking for certain proofs to have been established before a firm can claim to be able to make a firm association between a disease and a DNA sequence.
核电企业除了是一个高技术组织，它还必须有勇士组织的基因，定义自己生存的社会意义和牺牲价值。
A nuclear power plant, on top of being a high-tech organization, should also have the genes of "warrior" to define its social significance of existence and the value of self-sacrifice.
EDAR基因的案例显示了生物学见们在解读基因组扫描的选择信号时必须多么小心。
The case of the EDAR gene shows how cautious biologists have to be in interpreting the signals of selection seen in the genome scans.
然而该报告也强调，在转基因食品销售之前必须继续进行安全评估，以预防对人类健康和环境造成危害。
However the report also stresses the need for continued safety assessments on GM before they are marketed, to prevent risks to both human health and the environment.
然而该报告也强调，在转基因食品销售之前必须继续进行安全评估，以预防对人类健康和环境造成危害。
However the report also stresses the need for continued safety assessments on GM before they are marketed, to prevent risks to both human health and the environment.
应用推荐