最上面是用户空间层，或称为应用层，其中定义了网络栈的用户。
At the top is the user space layer, or application layer, which defines the users of the network stack.
从一个用户应用层的程序编写者的角度来看，这两者很难区分。
From the perspective of a userspace programmer, it is very difficult to tell the two apart.
系统层包括统一用户管理、统一资源管理和统一作业管理三部分，为应用层提供服务保障。
System layer includes single user management, single resource management and single job management system, and it can offer the service for application layer.
分别给出物理层、数据链路层、应用层、用户层的模型实施方案及技术要点的设计思想。
Main points of the model implementing scheme and designing idea are respectively given for physical layer, data link layer, application layer and user layer.
第三层为应用层，负责把用户的应用转化为对功能组件标准接口的调用来实现。
The third layer is application layer which is in charge of transform the users' demand to invoke the interface of function layers.
通过设计一种应用层通信协议，很好地解决了在不可靠的无线传输链路上进行数据传输，保证了用户传输数据的可靠性、完整性。
A new communication protocol for application layer is developed to ensure the reliability and integrality of the user 's data transmitted on an unreliable wireless link.
应用层提供对多用户的支持。
这一层的主要用途是为了定义在网络间交换蜂窝网络用户信息的应用层协议。
The purpose of this layer is to define the application layer protocol for the exchange of cellular subscriber information between networks.
在层次模型的基础上，提出了一个智能数据挖掘的开发框架，包括问题识别层、任务层、应用层和用户层等多层概念。
The paper presents a framework of intelligent data mining based on the layer model. It consists of multi-layers of concepts, problem identifying lay er, task layer, adaptive layer and user layer.
借助于设计并实现了的私有握手协议，客户装备了一个应用层协议引擎，用户可以自由选择各种应用。
The private handshake protocol has been designed and implemented, with the help of which the client was equipped with an engine of application which let user can select applications freely.
整个系统从逻辑上可以分为四个层：用户层、接入承载层、支撑管理层和业务应用层。
The whole system can be logically classified into four layers: user access layer, bearing layer, operation support layer and application layer.
代理技术提供对应用层的保护能力，可是网络处理性能较低，无法满足日益增长的网络用户需求。
Although proxy technology is able to protect application, its performance on network process is lower, so it can't satisfy more and more requirement from network user.
在用户间交互的应用层上采用动态兴趣区域管理的方法。
A method of dynamic area of interest management is been used in application level for use to communicate.
本文对机顶盒应用层软件的实现进行了研究，主要包括图形用户界面的实现、机顶盒节目搜索和电子节目指南的实现等。
This paper mainly deals with the application software of STB including the research of Graphics User Interface, program tune and search and the Electronic program Guide (EPG).
为了设计可信任的、鲁棒的应用层组播协议，对应用层组播的用户自私性进行研究是必要的。
To design robust and trustworthy ALM protocols, it is necessary to study the selfishness in ALM.
应用层组播树是由终端用户构造而成，其稳定性不能得到保证。
The application level multicast tree is composed of the end hosts which can not ensure the stability of the multicast tree.
对门户网站进行应用层控制，限制部分用户上传文件及对敏感页面的访问；
Undertake applied a control to portal website, limitative part user uploads file and the visit;
对门户网站进行应用层控制，限制部分用户上传文件及对敏感页面的访问；
Undertake applied a control to portal website, limitative part user uploads file and the visit;
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