但是官方数据相当值得怀疑，一些经济学家估计实际的通货膨胀率超过了6%。
But there is considerable skepticism about official statistics. Some economists estimate the true inflation rate is above 6%.
考虑到高失业率、通货膨胀问题和实际收入增长缓慢，有工作的妻子可以增加家庭收入，并减轻一些这些紧迫的经济负担。
Given high unemployment, inflationary problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens.
它能试着通过制造通货膨胀预期而实现负的实际利率。
It can try to achieve negative real interest rates by creating expectations of inflation.
自1990年以来（见表2），日元连年贬值加上其国内温和的通货膨胀使得日元实际汇率低于平均值。
Years of falling prices in Japan combinedwith modest inflation elsewhere mean the real effective exchange rate is belowits average since 1990 (see chart 2).
在一个生产率迅速增长的新兴经济体国内，其实际汇率也会随着时间的推移而上升，方式则可能要么通过高通货膨胀率，要么就是名义汇率的上升。
In an emerging economy with rapid productivity growth the real exchange rate should rise over time, through either higher inflation or a rise in the nominal exchange rate.
当实际产出超过潜在产出水平，对产品和劳动力的需求会哄抬起物价和工资，促成通货膨胀。
When actual output exceeds potential, demand for products and labour bids up prices and wages, fuelling inflation.
这意味着，除非不断有惊喜出现在投资者面前，否则，随着国债的再融资，通货膨胀将会导致更高的票面利率，转而成为实际债务。
This means that unless investors are repeatedly surprised, inflation will lead to higher nominal interest rates as debt is refinanced, and in turn to an unchanged real debt.
许多雇主大幅度削减利润——实际上是在通货膨胀降低了购买力的时候，削减雇员工资。
Some employers are slashing benefits - effectively cutting their employees' salaries while inflation reduces their buying power.
另外，虽然第一季度收入增速降低，但出现通货膨胀的可能性减少地更快，所以消费者真实的购买力实际上是增强了。
In addition, although income growth decelerated in the first quarter, inflation dropped even faster, so consumers' real purchasing power actually increased.
当不计算住房成本时，核心通货膨胀率实际上一直是上升的，在2月份达到2.6%(见图表)。
When housing costs are excluded, core inflation has actually risen, to 2.6% in February (see chart).
当实际产出低于潜在产出水平，对稀缺的销售量和工作的竞争就会对通货膨胀产生向下的压力。
When actual output falls short, competition for scarce sales and jobs puts downward pressure on inflation.
用其他话来说，在经历一段时间通货膨胀后，一个旧发行的TIPS债券更像是真实的实际债券，而一个新发行的同种债券则只不过是一个很有吸引力的混种而已。
In other words, after a period of inflation, an older TIPS is closer to a true real bond, whereas a new TIPS is an attractive hybrid.
另一些人将其归咎为需求疲软，加上高通货膨胀，使得实际工资降低了；他们还担心未知的前景会导致家庭消费的信心不足。
Others blame weak demand, as high inflation, falling real wages and fears for the future discourage household consumption.
美国实际上的短期利率是零，而报纸头条写的通货膨胀率是3.8%；
US short rates are virtually zero while the headline inflation rate is 3.8%;
伯南克指出，基于当时美联储首选通货膨胀标准的同期预测，其实际上适当地遵循了泰勒法则。
Mr Bernanke points out that based on contemporary forecasts for its preferred inflation me.
美联储同样认为，保持长期汇率不变地承诺是有条件的，并不是像许多人认为的那样，一定要是6个月，而是以高失业率和低通货膨胀率(两者皆实际存在且已被预期)为前提的，如果有前提改变的话，利率自然也会跟着改变。
It does not mean six months, as many seem to think, but only as long as unemployment remains high and inflation (both actual and expected) stays low. If those things change, so will interest rates.
实际上，这可能很难做到，但是他指明了一个原则：中央银行的信用要最需要的时候才能用，而不是在控制通货膨胀的时候用。
In practice, this could be hard to achieve, but he has identified one principle. Central Banks' credibility should be focused where it is most needed, on controlling inflation.
久而久之，通货膨胀通过减少债务的实际价值减少了债务总量。
Inflation helps reduce the total debt stock over time, by reducing the real value of debt.
那次衰退，实际上，是联邦储备局蓄意制造的产物，为了控制恶性的通货膨胀，美联储将利率提高到高达17%，导致了这次衰退。
That recession was, in effect, a deliberate creation of the Federal Reserve, which raised interest rates to as much as 17 percent in an effort to control runaway inflation.
现在，经济增长的实际利率接近9%，比以前的经济增长更慢，实际收入增长足够快，人们都愿意忍受一段时间的高通货膨胀。
Now, with real rates of economic growth near 9%, and slower population growth than before, real incomes are rising fast enough that people are willing to put up with high inflation for some time.
当通货膨胀的程度较低时，首付款会比较优惠，但实际债务会长期存在。在以后的日子里这些债务会增加很多成本。
When inflation is low, the initial payments are more bearable but more of the real debt persists, which shunts a bigger share of the costs into the later years of the loan.
实际上我们的收入鸿沟的原因是通货膨胀。
The truth is, the reason for our income disparity gap is inflation.
过去一年利率的增长低于通货膨胀率的增长，因此利率实际上是负增长。
In the past year interest rates have risen by less than the rate of inflation has, so rates have fallen in real terms.
央行今年虽先后五次加息，但加息的步伐却赶不上日渐加快的通货膨胀率增幅，因此实际贷款成本不仅没有增加，甚至下降了。
Five increases in interest rates have barely kept up with accelerating inflation, thus the cost of borrowing didn't rise, or even declined, in real terms.
黄金价格比从前更加昂贵的观念适用于没有考虑通货膨胀的更宽泛的概念——而实际上，通货膨胀是近在眼前的威胁。
The notion that gold is more expensive than ever happens to fit with a larger narrative that also does not square with the facts - namely, that inflation is an imminent threat.
黄金价格比从前更加昂贵的观念适用于没有考虑通货膨胀的更宽泛的概念——而实际上，通货膨胀是近在眼前的威胁。
The notion that gold is more expensive than ever happens to fit with a larger narrative that also does not square with the facts - namely, that inflation is an imminent threat.
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