根据莱可夫和约翰逊的理论（1980），隐喻基于经验基础之上。
According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), metaphors are built on their experiential bases.
莱考夫和约翰逊所提出的概念隐喻理论是较为完善成熟的隐喻认知理论。
Comparatively speaking, Conceptual metaphor theory advanced by Lakoff and Johnson is a systematic and complete theory of metaphor.
莱考夫和约翰逊(1980)认为：隐喻的实质就是通过另一类事物来理解和经历某一类事物。
According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.
莱考夫和约翰逊根据始源域的不同，把概念隐喻分为三大类：方位隐喻、本体隐喻和结构隐喻。
Lakoff and Johnson divide the conceptual metaphor into three kinds: orientational metaphor, ontological metaphor, structural metaphor.
1980年莱考夫和约翰逊出版了《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书，这本书被看作是隐喻研究认知转向的标志。
In 1980, a famous book Metaphors We Live by written by Lakoff and Johnson was published, which was seen as the cognitive turn of the study of metaphor.
如莱考夫和约翰逊(1980)所认为，“隐喻普遍存在于我们的生活中，不仅存在于语言中，也存在于思维和行为中。”
As Lakoff and Johnson (1980:4) maintain, "metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action."
因此，职业、昵称、家乡和父亲的名字就用来当作姓氏——例如，富勒特彻和史密夫，利德·希特和斯福特，格林和皮克灵，威肯斯和约翰逊。
So trades, nicknames, places of origin, and fathers' names became fixed surnames - names such as Fletcher and Smith, Redhead and Swift, Green and Pickering, Wilkins and Johnson.
因此，职业、昵称、家乡和父亲的名字就用来当作姓氏——例如，富勒特彻和史密夫，利德·希特和斯福特，格林和皮克灵，威肯斯和约翰逊。
So trades, nicknames, places of origin, and fathers' names became fixed surnames - names such as Fletcher and Smith, Redhead and Swift, Green and Pickering, Wilkins and Johnson.
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