我们三个大脑中最先进化的是科学家们所称的爬虫脑皮质。
The first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex.
尽管其他皮质永久丧失，爬行动物的大脑仍在自动运行。
The reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes.
当把磁场聚焦在大脑的的视觉皮质上时，会促使受试者看见明亮的圆盘和线条。
Focusing magnetic fields on the visual cortex of the brain caused the subjects to see luminous discs and lines.
冥想能增加大脑皮质的厚度，特别是在与注意和感觉相关的区域。
Meditation can increase the thickness of the cerebral cortex, particularly in regions associated with attention and sensation.
潘菲尔德发现身体的每一部分都可以清楚地在相反的大脑一侧皮质带上标志出来。
Penfield discovered that each part of the body was clearly mapped out in a strip of cortex on the brain's opposite side.
研究的最后，那些冥想的人的与幸福相连的左侧大脑额叶皮质的活动表现了显著的转变。
By the end of the study, those who had meditated showed a pronounced shift in brain activity toward the left, "happier," frontal cortex.
这使研究者能够比较两组样本之间的大脑皮质差异。
This allowed them to compare cortical differences in the brain between the two sample groups.
研究者每次刺激一个大脑半球，这使他们可以对额叶皮质受损或是完好的脑损伤患者的表现均做出检验。
The researchers presented stimuli to one brain hemisphere at a time, which allowed them to challenge either the damaged or intact prefrontal cortex in the patients with brain damage.
额叶皮质犹如一个开关控制站点，对我们大脑集中精神部分进行管理。
The frontal cortex acts as a master switching station that manages where the brain focuses its immediate attention.
懂得控制恐惧的人对此反应较慢，给了大脑皮质吸收并处理更多信息的时间。
People who control their fear respond more slowly, giving the cerebral cortex time to take in and process more information.
他说：“疼痛减轻与较高层的大脑皮质部分有关。”
The reduction of pain was associated with higher, cortical parts of the brain.
这种震动沿着中耳的小骨迁移并被转换为神经信号，大脑皮质处理这些信号，让我们得知我们听到了什么。
These vibrations are then transferred along the tiny bones of the middle ear and converted into nerve signals. The cortex then processes these signals, telling us what we are hearing.
复杂的事情，推无辜的受害者的想法，大脑的内侧额叶皮质区——与情感有关的一个区域——便会启动。
Complicate things with the idea of pushing the innocent victim, and the medial frontal cortex-an area associated with emotion-lights up.
他训练老鼠走迷津，然后在大脑皮质的不同部位造成损伤，企图抹掉他称之为“记忆痕迹”或原始记忆痕迹。
He trained rats to find their way through a maze, then made lesions in different parts of the cerebral cortex in an attempt to erase what he called the "engram," or the original memory trace.
丘脑把信息从眼耳手口鼻的感觉器官传送到大脑皮质。
The thalamus carries messages from the sensory organs like the eyes, ears, nose, and fingers to the cortex.
这些结果表明，吸烟史越长，吸烟更凶，大脑皮质越薄，更容易药物成瘾(包括尼古丁)。
These results suggest that the more cigarettes a person smokes, and the longer they smoke, the thinner their cortex and the more susceptible to drug addiction (including nicotine) they become.
所以我们人类还有这些分皮质区，在大脑深处，是古老的。
So we humans still have these sub-cortical areas, deep in the brain, that are ancient.
例如，糖皮质激素受体基因在大脑特定区域的持续表达提高了调节应激反应的能力。
For example, increased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in particular brain regions improves the ability to regulate a stress response.
许多最重要的改变发生在大脑的前额皮质里，前额皮质是用来做决定、理解和控制行为的。
Some of the most important changes occur within the prefrontal cortex of the brain, where decision making, understanding and behavioral control reside.
另一个惊人的发现是：前额叶皮质，虽然在大脑前端，但实际上可能是信息中枢的核心，负责将信息分配到整个大脑。
Another surprising find: the prefrontal cortex, though at the front of the brain, might actually serve as its central information hub that distributes information throughout the brain.
汤普森解释说，压力削弱了我们使用前额皮质的能力。 前额皮质是大脑组织、计划和处理信息的部分。
Stress, Thompson explains, impairs our ability to use our prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain that organizes, plans and processes information.
管理细胞生长和死亡的基因突变可以影响大脑皮质区的解剖学特征。
Mutations in genes governing cell growth and death can affect the anatomy of a region of cortex.
这些受试者不仅可以清楚地分辨哪一种物体对应哪一种回声，而且大脑活动跟踪发现当他们听见这些回声时，大脑的视觉皮质会有活动。
The subjects were not only able to tell which objects matched which echo pattern, but the brain tracking revealed the visual cortex activity when the subjects heard the echoed clicks.
而科学家研究发现，在这些人的大脑中，处理回声的部分并不是掌管听力的部分，而是大脑的视觉皮质。
And now scientists have learned that the area of the brain that processes the echoes is not the region for hearing-it's actually the visual cortex.
大脑皮质是感官信息，思想，情感，意识的中枢。
The cerebral cortex deals with sensory information, thinking, emotion and consciousness.
研究还发现，不断提高的应激激素水平，如皮质醇，将导致大脑与抑郁症相关的部分区域的永久性损伤。
Studies have also found that consistently elevated levels of stress hormones, like cortisol, can lead to permanent damage in certain brain regions linked to depression.
这种认识部分基于自大脑皮质的物理构造上获取的简单证据，脑部此区域负责复杂的认知行为。
This belief was based, in part, upon the readily evident physical structure of the neocortex, the region of the brain responsible for complex cognitive behaviors.
睡眠纺锤波非常的短暂但强烈的活动，它表明信息在海马和新大脑皮质两种不同的记忆储存区域传递。
Sleep spindles are brief but intense bursts of activity that indicate information transfer between two different memory storage areas, the hippocampus and the neocortex.
当然，如果没有与之配套的足够的大脑皮质实体结构，手也就不会那样地非常灵巧。
And of course the hands wouldn't be so well-suited if not for the correspondingly adequate cortical infrastructure.
当然，如果没有与之配套的足够的大脑皮质实体结构，手也就不会那样地非常灵巧。
And of course the hands wouldn't be so well-suited if not for the correspondingly adequate cortical infrastructure.
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