逆转录酶基因耐药性突变的发生率是38.9%（14/36）。
The mutation rate of resistance to reverse transcriptase was 38.9 %(14/36).
第三，主导这种特定耐药模式的一套基因很容易从一种细菌传到另一种细菌。
Third, this particular resistance pattern is governed by a set of genes that can move easily from one bacterium to another.
适应并存活下来的微生物携带耐药基因，可以从一个人传给另一个人，并在世界上快速蔓延开来。
The microbes which adapt and survive carry genes for resistance, which can be passed on from one person to another and rapidly spread around the world.
然后我们才能真正地开始寻找该物种的种内遗传变异，并获得和耐药性或毒力有关的一些基因的信息。
Then we can really start to look at the genetic variation within the species and gain insight into some of the genes involved in drug resistance or virulence.
敏感菌株可通过已有基因中的突变产生耐药性，或可通过从另一个已经具有耐药性的生物体获得耐药基因来产生耐药性。
Susceptible strains can become resistant either through mutations in existing genes or by acquiring a resistance gene from another organism that is already resistant.
为了找出原因，研究员分析了那种基因在获得耐药性是转录的最多，辨别几种参与了DNA修复途径。
To figure out why, the researchers analyzed which genes were being transcribed more as resistance developed, and identified several that are involved in DNA repair pathways.
因此，“抗菌素耐药性”是耐药基因经由微生物谱系传承的一种有编码的古老现象。
"Antimicrobial resistance" is thus an ancient phenomenon encoded on resistance genes passed down through microbial lineages.
由于一种细菌基因的蔓延，造成了高度耐药性，抗生素的效力正在节节下降。
The efficiency of antibiotics is decreasing due to the spread of a bacterial gene conferring high levels of drug resistance.
运用在他的实验室里刚刚发明的基因-编辑技术，他可以制出工业微生物，农作物，甚至对所有病毒具有耐药性的人类。
Using a genome-editing technique recently developed in his lab, he proposes to make industrial microorganisms, crops, and perhaps even humans resistant to all viruses.
一种能够让多种细菌对抗生素产生耐药性的基因正在新德里的供水系统里广泛传播，并引发了全球的担忧。
A gene that causes a wide range of bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics has been found in the water supply in Delhi, with worrying implications for the rest of the globe.
抗菌素耐药性是由使用抗菌素药物，特别是对抗菌素药物的不当使用造成的，当微生物发生突变或获得耐药基因时，就产生了耐药性。
AMR is a consequence of the use, particularly the misuse, of antimicrobial medicines and develops when a microorganism mutates or acquires a resistance gene.
该菌株含带有若干抗生素的耐药基因，似乎是2种大肠杆菌的混合体。
The strain appeared to be a combination of 2 types of E. coli.
很有可能，PIDD只是许多基因中的一个，在许多途径，参与到药物耐药性的产生，Oliver说。
It is likely that PIDD is just one of many genes, in many pathways, involved in the drug resistance process, says Oliver.
生态学家们警告称，具有强烈耐药性的“超级臭虫”主要源自于基因改良物种的基因污染、禽畜饲养滥用抗生素。
Ecologists warned of gene pollution from genetically modified organisms, and overuse of livestock antibiotics was widely blamed for drug-resistant "superbugs."
Oliver现在研究PIDD基因敲除的肿瘤细胞，看看是否它的缺失阻碍药物耐药性。
Oliver is now studying tumors in which the PIDD gene has been knocked out, to see if its absence hinders drug resistance.
目的：探讨非靶位基因突变及外膜通透性改变对大肠杆菌喹诺酮类耐药和多重耐药的影响。
Objective To investigate the impact of non target gene mutations and reduced permeability of the outer membrane on quinolone resistance and multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) in Escherichia coli.
比如说，指导抗生素耐药性的基因自如地在细菌之间进行着交换。
Genes for antibiotic resistance, for example, swap freely between species of bacteria.
结果：散发性霍乱以无毒株为主，质粒及肠毒素基因的携带率极低，但耐药性有所增加。
Results: The sporadic outbreak of vibrio cholera has some characters: including non toxic strain infection, low detection rate of plasmid and ct gene and increase of drug resistance.
即使在形成生物膜的细菌缺乏抗生素耐药基因的情况下，这些生物膜对抗生素药物的耐受程度仍远远高于未被生物膜包裹的细菌。
Biofilms, which are far tougher than bacteria not incorporated into biofilms, are resistant to antibiotics even when the individual bacteria composing the biofilm lack antibiotic resistance genes.
那些认为会导致对化疗药敏感和耐药的基因与实际的体外化疗敏感性有很大的相关程度。
Cancer found good correlation between genes believed to be involved in drug sensitivity and resistance and actual in vitro chemosensitivity.
结论这些基因表达差异与卵巢癌化疗耐药有关。
Conclusion These genes related to the mechnisms of drug-resistance of ovarian cancer.
多药耐药相关基因与蛋白的检测。
Detection of multidrug resistance-related genes and proteins.
接合试验的结果证明耐药基因位于质粒上。
Transconjugation test showed that the drug resistant gene is located in plasmid.
本文通过实验方法研究设计和临床应用，探讨肿瘤多药耐药基因（MDR-1）的异常表达检测方法及其临床意义。
Through experimental method design and clinical application, this paper investigated the detecting method and clinical significance of multi-drug resistance gene (MDR-1) expression.
质粒接合实验定位耐药基因；
Drug resistant gene were positioned by plasmids conjugation experiments.
抗菌素耐药性指微生物对原本有效的抗菌素产生耐药性，当微生物发生突变或获得耐药基因时，就产生了耐药性。
Antibiotic resistance to originally effective means microbes antibiotic resistance mutations or, when microbes get resistance genes, it showed resistance.
目的探讨人肺癌细胞株对化疗药物的敏感性与多药耐药相关基因和凋亡调控基因表达的关系。
Objective To explore the relationship of chemotherapy sensitivity and expression of multidrug resistance genes and apoptosis regulation genes in human lung cancer cell lines.
目的探讨快速检测结核分枝杆菌异烟肼（INH）耐药基因型的分子药敏方法。
Objective One of the main mechanisms of isoniazid (INH) resistance is catalase peroxidase katG gene mutation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis .
目的探讨快速检测结核分枝杆菌异烟肼（INH）耐药基因型的分子药敏方法。
Objective One of the main mechanisms of isoniazid (INH) resistance is catalase peroxidase katG gene mutation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis .
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