这些热岩石的储层聚集在地幔的底部。
Reservoirs of this hot rock collect in the base of the mantle.
越来越多的这种板块，即海床，将在大陆下方进入地幔。
More and more of this plate, the ocean floor, would go down under the continent into the mantle.
此外，月球的成分虽然与地球的地幔相似，但并不完全吻合。
Moreover, the Moon's composition, though similar to that of Earth's mantle, is not a precise match.
月球的平均密度比地球低得多，但与地球的地幔密度大致相同。
The Moon's mean density is much lower than that of Earth but is about the same as that of Earth's mantle.
正如我们讨论过的，地壳由位于熔融岩石的地幔上的大型板块构成。
As we've discussed, Earth's crust is made up of large plates that rest on a mantle of molten rock.
当海洋底部开始下沉到地幔中，它会同时将整个海底板块拖拽下去。
As the ocean floor plate begins to sink down into the mantle, it would drag or pull the entire plate along with it.
地幔包含的远远不仅是地壳，还有关于行星或卫星的总体构成的信息。
Much more than the crust, the mantle contains information about a planet's or moon's total composition.
这意味着地幔中的气体不是来自太阳，而是来自岩石物质的早期积累。
The implication is that the gases in the mantle came not from the sun but from the early accretion of rocky material.
看来，板块上侧冷却的地幔物质的下沉流可能是造成这种深盆地的原因。
It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.
下降的岩石比周围的地幔的温度低很多，因此延展性较小，更容易断裂。
The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.
如果这是真的，月球和地球的地幔岩石从地球化学上来看应该是相同的。
If it is true, the mantle rocks of the Moon and the Earth should be the same geochemically.
另一种可能是下沉的板块冷却了邻近的地幔，并产生对流，使板块移动。
Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates.
自二十世纪初以来，地球物理学家已经了解到地幔像浓汤一样搅动和翻滚。
Since the early twentieth century, geophysicists have understood that the mantle churns and roils like a thick soup.
在泰坦尼克碰撞模型中，月球的大部分是由来自撞击者和地幔的物质结合形成的。
In a titanic collision model, the bulk of the Moon would have formed from a combination of material from the impactor and Earth's mantle.
这种情况下，我们特别想知道存在于地壳下层的地幔，是否会因为撞击而暴露出来。
In this case, we especially want to know if any of the mantle, the layer beneath the crust, was exposed by the impact.
通过编制全球数千次地震的地震速度图，他们还可以开始绘制地幔的温度和密度图。
By compiling a map of seismic velocities from thousands of earthquakes across the globe, they can also begin to map temperatures and densities throughout the mantle.
地壳的形成保护了地球的内层不受太空中高能粒子的影响，降低了地幔和地核的温度。
The formation of Earth's crust protected the inner layers of Earth from the high-energy particles in space, reducing the temperatures of the mantle and the core.
另一种理论是，板块下沉部分的密度大于周围较热的地幔，将板块的其余部分拉在后面。
An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it.
海洋板块是由密度更大、更重的岩石构成的，所以它开始下沉到大陆板块之下，到地幔之中。
The oceanic plate is made of denser and heavier rock, so it begins to sink down under the continental plate and into the mantle.
所有板块都在缓慢移动，因为它们漂浮在密度更大的半液态地幔上，也就是地壳和地核之间的那一层。
All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth's core.
所有板块都在缓慢移动，因为它们漂浮在密度更大的半流体地幔上，也就是地壳和地核之间的那一层。
All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser sem-iliquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth's core.
威尔逊认为，夏威夷向西北延伸的火山长链只是一个长期存于板块下、地幔中的火山源在板块表面的表现。
Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle.
这些方法在地幔最深处揭示了一些意想不到的巨大构造；其中最大的一块是在非洲南端正下方的一块热岩。
These methods have revealed some unexpectedly immense formations in the deepest parts of the mantle; the largest of these is a buoyant mass of hot rock directly below Africa's southern tip.
当储层足够大时，这种炽热岩石的一个球体强行通过上地幔上升到地球表面，在地形上形成一个宽阔的隆起。
When a reservoir is sufficiently large, a sphere of this hot rock forces its way up through the upper mantle to Earth's surface, creating a broad bulge in the topography.
解释可能是在地球的地幔中，这是在构造板块下面的岩石层，向下延伸超过1800英里到地球铁芯的外边缘。
The explanation may be in Earth's mantle, the layer of rock underlying the tectonic plates and extending down over 1,800 miles to the outer edge of Earth's iron core.
并不是每个人都同意这个观点，但一些专家相信，无论塑造SPA盆地的是什么，它确实穿透了月球的地幔。
Not everyone agrees, but some experts are convinced that whatever created the SPA Basin did penetrate the Moon's mantle.
赫斯认为，水的存在可能是由地幔中分解的矿物质释放出来的，这可能意味着含镁高的岩浆可能在较低的温度下存在。
Hess suggested that the presence of water, probably released from minerals decomposing in the Earth's mantle, might have meant that a high-magnesium magma could have existed at a lower temperature.
超大碰撞可能剥去了水星的一部分岩石地幔，留下了一个金属核心，其密度与原来的岩石与金属的比例相比大得不成比例。
A titanic impact could have stripped away a portion of its rocky mantle, leaving behind a metallic core whose density is out of proportion with the original ratio of rock to metal.
计算机模型消除了研究人员最初的疑虑，证实了这个结构有足够的浮力在地幔内部缓慢上升，并且有足够的力量在它上升的同时推动非洲板块上升。
Dispelling researchers' initial doubts, computer models have confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly within the mantle and strong enough to push Africa upward as it rises.
计算机模型消除了研究人员最初的疑虑，证实了这个结构有足够的浮力在地幔内部缓慢上升，并且有足够的力量在它上升的同时推动非洲板块上升。
Dispelling researchers' initial doubts, computer models have confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly within the mantle and strong enough to push Africa upward as it rises.
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