狗的鼻孔大约有2亿左右的嗅觉细胞——比人多40倍。
Inside its nose are around two hundred million smell sensitive cells, forty times more than in humans.
一个嗅觉细胞表达一种气味受体，人类约有350个气味受体基因。
A olfactory cell can express one odorant receptor. There are about 350 odorant receptor genes in human.
例如，研究表明，即使是短暂的气味刺激也会导致嗅觉上皮细胞中受体短暂的减少，这个过程被称为“受体疲劳”。
For example, studies show that even brief periods of odorant stimulation produce transient reductions in receptors in the olfactory epithelium, a process termed "receptor fatigue".
直到最近，研究重点都还是放在“嗅觉”上：即细胞如何响应诸如生长因子这类化学信号。
Until recently, the focus was all on "smell": that is, on how cells respond to chemical signals such as growth factors.
尤其具有挑战性的是头部损伤，无论轻微还是严重，能够扰乱位于大脑外面的身体嗅觉感受器—嗅球神经细胞功能。
Especially challenging are those that result from head injuries, whether minor or severe, that disrupt the function of the body's smell receptors - olfactory nerve cells that lie outside the brain.
嗅觉是动物的一个重要感官功能，而一项最新研究显示，细菌这种单细胞生物也有类似的“嗅觉”，它可以感知空气中的气味，并由此对周边环境做出判断。
Research has shown that bacteria - among the simplest life forms on Earth - have a sense of smell.
还有其他科研报告，说已筛选出一些小狗，能够通过嗅觉来诊断色素瘤细胞的存在，而那些有关鱼类能预测地震的报道，就更不用说了。
Other studies have identified melanoma-sniffing dogs, not to mention reports of earthquake-predicting fish.
在哺乳动物身上，位于鼻部的神经细胞运用特殊的气味感受器探测气味，并将信息传输给嗅球——嗅觉的整合中枢。
In mammals, neurons located in the nose detect scents using special odor receptors, and shuttle the information to the olfactory bulb, which is the integration center for smell.
多尔曼指出，例如大鼠鼻腔有一半的面积附有嗅细胞，而对于人类来说，这种嗅觉接收区就小得多，他说——“也就鼻腔的3% - 5%吧。”
For instance, Dorman notes that half of the nasal cavity of a rat is lined with olfactory-system cells. In humans, this receptive area is much smaller, he says - "only about 3 to 5 percent."
嗅觉信息从这些接收器细胞沿着神经被运输到嗅球，大脑中关于气味的信息在此处理。
From the receptor cells, information about smell travels along nerves to the olfactory bulbs, the parts of the brain where information about smell is processed.
像人类一样，狗在鼻子旁边有着特别的嗅觉接受器细胞。
Like humans, dogs have special smell receptor cells lining their noses.
气味物质作用于嗅细胞，产生神经冲动经嗅神经传导，最后到达大脑皮层的嗅中枢，形成嗅觉。
Odour material action at smell cell, generation nerve impulse is conducted via olfactory nerve, reach the smell center of pallium finally, form smell.
自1991年在动物中发现嗅觉受体基因以来，关于昆虫感受化学信息的周缘神经系统的分子和细胞机制方面的进展十分迅速。
Since the olfactory receptor genes identified in 1991, great achievements have been obtained on the molecular and cellular olfaction mechanism of insect.
本文构造从感觉神经元、僧帽细胞到大脑皮层神经元，并反馈到颗粒细胞的嗅觉神经系统模型。
The model of olfactory neural system from sensory neurons, mitral cells to the cortex neurons of brain and feedback to granule cells is constructed.
嗅觉神经芯片是在电子鼻和细胞传感器研究的基础上，在芯片表面培养嗅觉感受神经元所构成的一种神经芯片。
Olfactory neuro-chip is one of neuro-chips, which based on the electronic nose and cell-based biosensor research, trying to culture olfactory receptor neurons on the surface of chips.
结论：嗅球内突触小球和神经元减少、细胞器老化可能是导致老年性嗅觉障碍的主要原因。
Conclusion:The decreasing of the synaptic glomerulus and ageing of the organella maybe the main factor of causing the olfactory bulb sensation obstruction.
透射电镜观察表明，棉铃虫触角上起嗅觉作用的毛形感器和锥形感器均由表皮壁、鞘细胞、感受器淋巴液和感觉神经细胞树突等结构组成。
Sensillum trichodeum and sensillum basiconicum, the main chemical odor receptors on antennae of Helicoverpa armigera, consist of cuticular wall, sheath cells, sensillum lymph and dendrites.
选择性适应试验表明，蓖麻蚕雄蛾触角的毛形感器中存在两种不同类型的嗅觉感受细胞。
It was demonstrated that there were two types of olfactory receptor cell in one sensillum trichodeum by the selective adaptation.
选择性适应试验表明，蓖麻蚕雄蛾触角的毛形感器中存在两种不同类型的嗅觉感受细胞。
It was demonstrated that there were two types of olfactory receptor cell in one sensillum trichodeum by the selective adaptation.
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