核苷酸替换偏好性受其相邻碱基组成的影响现象已经在核基因组假基因序列和叶绿体基因组的非编码序列和编码序列中发现。
Influence of neighboring base composition on nucleotide substitution bias was observed in the sequence of nuclear pseudogenes and chloroplast non-coding and coding sequences.
研究结果表明，这个长度热点突变区的核苷酸序列分析是研究小麦与山羊草叶绿体基因组之间遗传变异关系的一个非常有效的途径。
The results indicate that the sequence analysis of the hotspot region is a very powerful tool to investigate genetic variations of chloroplast genome in Triticum and Aegilops.
介绍了叶绿体基因组在系统发育学和基因工程这两个领域的应用研究进展：1）叶绿体基因组的DNA序列比较为植物系统发育学研究提供了可靠数据基础；
The applications of chloroplast genome in the studies of phylogeny and bioengineering are reviewed: 1) the DNA sequence of chloroplast genome provides a sound data base for plant phylogenic studies;
叶绿体基因(ChloroplastDNA)远比核基因(nuclear DNA)丰富，因为每个植物细胞可以有数千个叶绿体基因，但是每个核基因只有两个到四个核基因副本。
Chloroplast DNA is vastly more abundant than nuclear DNA, since each plant cell can have thousands of copies of chloroplast genes but just two to four copies of each nuclear gene.
叶绿体遗传转化是植物基因工程的新方向。
Chloroplast genetic transformation is a new way of plant genetic engineering.
除了从海藻身上窃取了能够制造绿色叶绿素的基因外，这种海参还偷了很小的叫做叶绿体的细胞。他们用这些细胞进行光合作用。
In addition to burglarizing the genes needed to make the green pigment chlorophyll, the slugs also steal tiny cell parts called chloroplasts, which they use to conduct photosynthesis.
我们的结果提示P PF 1基因可能通过控制叶绿体的发育状况来调节植物的发育。
Our results suggested that PPF1 gene might regulate plant development by controlling chloroplast development.
说明遗传背景不同会影响叶绿体和核基因的表达。
The results show that genetic background would not affect the expression of chloroplast and nuclear genes.
上述结果表明，GATL12基因在拟南芥的叶绿体发育过程中具有重要作用。
Our results suggest that GATL12 plays an important role in chloroplast development in Arabidopsis.
但同细胞核转基因一样，叶绿体转基因也存在抗生素标记的生物安全性和外源基因的过量表达对植物正常生长发育的影响的问题。
But the same as nuclear transformation, plastid transformation also has the problems of bio-safety of antibiotic markers and development obstacles due to the overexpression of foreign gene.
叶绿体系统树与核基因系统树之间的冲突，可能是由杂交、渐渗、谱系分选造成的网状进化引起的。
The reticulate evolution caused by hybridization, introgression and lineage sorting may be an explanation for the molecular phylogenetic incongruence.
目前，该范围内没有叶色相关基因的报道，可能为一新的调控叶绿体发育的基因。
So far there is no reported gene relative to leaf color, so it is a novel gene controlling chloroplast development.
目前，该范围内没有叶色相关基因的报道，可能为一新的调控叶绿体发育的基因。
So far there is no reported gene relative to leaf color, so it is a novel gene controlling chloroplast development.
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