这也对劳动力供给和养老金制度提出了挑战。
It also challenges the labor force supply and the pension system.
中国的劳动力供给仍在增长。
达格：“这将进而演变为劳动力供给减少。
边际成本理论能合理解释劳动力供给曲线。
Thus using marginal cost theory to explain labor for supply curve is reasonable.
自1991年起劳动力供给以年均1.1%的速度增长。
Since 1991 the Labour supply has risen at an average annual pace of 1.1%.
因此我想以简单劳动力供给模型来思考这一问题是有意义的。
So I thought it might be worth thinking about this question in terms of a simple model of labor supply.
劳动力供给突变的幅度大小取决于一国的感染率和死亡率高低。
Labor supply shocks varied depending on the infection rate and mortality in a given country.
当然，美国的雇主由于额外的劳动力供给而获得了利益。
Employers in the United States gain, of course, from the extra supply of labor.
女性劳动参与率是反映女性劳动力供给决策的重要指标。
The female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) is an important index which reflects the female's labor supply decisions.
它保证了苹果公司可以受益于中国充分的廉价劳动力供给。
It ensured Apple could benefit from China's ample supply of cheap labor.
总量失业的治理不外乎是两个方法：一是减少劳动力供给。
Two methods are available for tackling national unemployment: one is to reduce supply of labor force.
鉴于这个劳动力供给和劳动力需求特性的简短调查，对失业有什么观点吗？
In the light of this brief survey of the characteristics of the labor supply and the probable demand for labor, what is the outlook for unemployment?
如果说世界对中国确有依赖，那它就是一种对中国充足的劳动力供给的依赖。
If there is a dependency of the world on China, it is a dependency on China's abundant Labour supply.
现阶段，我国面临着产业结构升级与劳动力供给大量增加的矛盾。
At present, China is confronted with the contradiction that industry structure should upgrade and labor force will increase in excessive scale.
第一章对我国经济转型时期的劳动力供给和失业现状作实证分析。
The first chapter makes an empirical analysis of the supply of labor and the situation of unemployment during the economic transition in China.
我相信，我们当前的劳动力供给是前所未有的无法适应(当前环境)和不成熟。
I believe this present labor supply of ours is peculiarly unadaptable and untrained.
再加上劳动力供给的放缓，他得出美国的潜在增长率可能下降至2.5%的结论。
Coupled with the slowdown in Labour supply, he concludes that America's potential growth rate could fall to 2.5%.
长期内的经济增长取决于以下二者：劳动力供给和劳动生产率的增长。
Over the long run economic growth depends on two things: increases in the supply and productivity of Labour.
书中关于劳动力供给的这一部分就是从实际工资增长的历史开始讲起的。
The section on Labour supply begins with the history of real wage growth.
它由劳动力供给(工人数量和工作时间)的增长与生产率提高的速度决定。
It is determined by growth in the supply of labor (the number of workers and how long they toil) along with the speed with which productivity improves.
现在国会给外国工人以签证保护，这样刻板的系统并不能使得劳动力供给与需求相符。
Congress now caps visas for foreign workers, a clunky system that does not match supply too precisely with demand.
尽管年轻人口的数量下降了，但是劳动力供给很多是由人口统计之外的因素所决定。
Even when the number of young people drops, the Labour supply is determined by more than demographics.
劳动力供给方面，其影响因素有人口因素、劳动力参与率和宏观经济的周期波动等。
From the aspect of labor supply, the factors consist of population, labor participation rate, and the cyclical fluctuation of macroeconomic growth.
尽管他们对生产率和劳动力供给的预测是不同的，摩根大通的经济学家们对他的数据表示赞同。
Although their predictions for productivity and Labour supply are different, JPMorgan's economists agree with his figure.
应通过改善就业、再就业环境，挖掘劳动力供给的制度潜力，延缓劳动力成本上升趋势；
Secondly, by improving environment of employment creation and by abolishing institutional barriers deterring labor mobility, the increasing trend of labor costs can be postponed.
但是，工资上涨的主要原因是劳动力供给的缩减，这是由于珠三角地区势头高涨的劳动激进主义运动。
But the main reason is a diminishing Labour supply, helped in the delta by an uptick in Labour activism.
因此，它无法预测出经济不稳定时容易发生的就业市场大幅波动或劳动力供给的突然变化。
Thus its forecasts don't predict the big job-market swings or sudden changes in the supply of workers that can easily happen in a volatile economy.
猜想是劳动力供给之外的因素，如劳动力需求，及更高的资本回报带动了工资水平的提高。
Supposing that, besides the labor supply, other factors including labor demand and capital gains play more roles on the impacts.
本文采用个体跨期最优模型，通过计算劳动力供给跨期弹性，分析新法对劳动力供给的影响。
This study adopts an individual intertemporal optimal model to analyze the effects of the new Labor Contract Law on labor supply by calculating intertemporal elasticity of labor supply.
本文采用个体跨期最优模型，通过计算劳动力供给跨期弹性，分析新法对劳动力供给的影响。
This study adopts an individual intertemporal optimal model to analyze the effects of the new Labor Contract Law on labor supply by calculating intertemporal elasticity of labor supply.
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