动物经过数亿年的进化直到脊椎动物阶段出现了渐为完整的免疫系统。
The immune system was not developed until in vertebrates during millions years of animal evolution, and the coevolution of interacting plants and microbes has given rise to the plant defense system.
近一个世纪前，生物学家发现，如果他们在无脊椎动物胚胎生命的早期阶段将其分成两部分，它会存活下来并发育成两个正常的胚胎。
Nearly a century ago, biologists found that if they separated an invertebrate animal embryo into two parts at an early stage of its life, it would survive and develop as two normal embryos.
但在探索阶段过后，某些动物的行为表明它们知道它们看见的是自己。
But some animals, after this period of exploration, exhibit behaviors that show they know they are looking at themselves.
人类经历着一个迟来的成熟；我们进入生命各个阶段的时间比其他哺乳动物要晚。
Humans experience a delayed maturity; we arrive at all stages of life later than other mammals.
一个类似的策略——加速发展与休息阶段相结合——也使两栖动物得以栖息在沙漠中。
A similar strategy—accelerated development combined with a resting stage—has also allowed amphibians to inhabit deserts.
研究表明，这些动物已经知道如何在测试阶段将它们在训练中所学到的人脸知识应用到新面孔上。
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage.
撇开道义方面的考虑，这种调驯法是愚蠢的，因为这种方法会使大象“怀恨在心”，在以后某个阶段它很可能变成伤人的动物。
Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.
无论如何，在考虑佐剂安全性问题的早期阶段不可能不使用动物。
Nevertheless, animals cannot be dispensed with in the early consideration of a safety profile.
素食新闻：为什么在大学阶段开设动物权益的相关课程是很重要的？
VegNews: Why is it important to offer animal-rights courses at the college level?
在早期发育的每个阶段，在发育速度上，人类的婴儿都被其他动物的幼崽甩在了后面。
At every stage of early development, human babies lag behind infants from other species.
目前世卫组织的大流行预警级别仍然为第三阶段：人类感染新亚型病毒，但是这些感染中的绝大多数是直接从动物那里获得的。
The present WHO level of pandemic alert remains at phase 3: human infections with a new virus subtype are occurring, but the vast majority of these infections are acquired directly from animals.
其实，老鼠只是这个实验的第一个阶段，这些科学家希望以后能将这项研究扩展到其他能大量产奶的动物上，比如山羊和奶牛。
Mice in this case are the first line of experimentation — the scientists hope to then expand the research out into other animals that can produce milk in bulk, like goats and cows.
不过，他们都喜欢有猫陪伴左右——人生到了最后阶段要做的事情没几件了，喜爱动物似乎就是其中之一。
But they enjoy having the cats around-a love of animals seems to be among the last things to go.
第一种办法是对比克隆动物和健康的常规动物在不同生命阶段的生长状况，从而确定它们是否一致。
One approach, it said, compared clones at different stages of life to healthy conventional animals to determine whether they appear the same.
此前的研究表明，动物的繁殖成功率会受到动物在生命早期阶段营养状况的影响。
Previous research has shown that the reproductive success of animals is influenced by nutrition early in life.
爬行动物身上同样存在基板，但在胚胎阶段时，它们只会触发基板后延的皮肤细胞基因进行增殖，并最终形成鳞片。
Reptiles have placodes too. But in a reptile embryo each placode switches on genes that cause only the skin cells on the back edge of the placode to grow, eventually forming scales.
研究者们发现对于人类和大多数哺乳动物来说，连续六个小时或以上的95华氏度以上的极限“湿球温度”，将会使他们面临由于酷热造成的“极易死亡阶段”。
The researchers found that humans and most mammals experience a potentially lethal level of heat stress at a "wet-bulb" temperature above 95 degrees sustained for six hours or more.
结论：尽管多种化合物的抗真菌活性已被检测，但其中大多数处于体外或动物模型疗效阶段。
CONCLUSIONS: Although the antifungal activity of numerous compounds has been examined, most of them are at the in vitro or animal models of efficacy stages.
第一阶段他会交替使用物理和魔法免疫physical andmagicimmunity.他使用魔法免疫直到50%HP左右然后发动物理免疫。
In the first phase, he alternates between physical and magic immunity. He has magic immunity until around 50% HP, then starts to switch to physical.
关于癌症危险性的动物实验显示，这还可能是如青春期等发育阶段额外卡路里耗费的一个标志。
It could also be a marker for extra calories consumed in growth periods like adolescence, a suggested cancer risk seen in animal research.
有蹄目动物的幼仔出生时处于发育的高级阶段，能够在几天内照料自己。
In ungulates, the young are born in an advanced stage of development and can fend for themselves in a few days.
图片：脊椎动物的近亲，一只文昌鱼腐烂过程的几个阶段。
Photo: a lancelet, a close relative of vertebrates, in several stages of decay. credit: University of Leicester.
生长第一和第二阶段的羽毛，保温用，汉堡大学动物学会和动物博物馆。
Body feathers, first and second stage, insulation, Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg.
到目前为止，研究人员只在实验室里进行过细胞的实验，在下一阶段即将展开动物实验。
So far, tests have been done only on cells in a laboratory setting, but animal testing is planned for the next phase.
动物细胞在胚胎发育的较早阶段便失去了其全能性。
Animal cells lose their totipotency at an early stage in embryonic development.
但是，目前我国对野生动物资源的管理水平仍然处在比较落后的阶段。
However, themanagement means of wild animals resource of our country is still at relativelybackward stage at present.
“我们不让它做梦，”儒弗博士说，“我刚刚解释了，公认的有关动物梦境阶段的生理学标准之一是肌肉紧张性的消失。”
"We keep him from dreaming," Dr. Jouvet said, "I just explained that one of the recognized physiological criteria of the dream phase in animals is disappearance of muscular tone."
“我们不让它做梦，”儒弗博士说，“我刚刚解释了，公认的有关动物梦境阶段的生理学标准之一是肌肉紧张性的消失。”
"We keep him from dreaming," Dr. Jouvet said, "I just explained that one of the recognized physiological criteria of the dream phase in animals is disappearance of muscular tone."
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