科学家认为这种病毒是5年前从马传染到狗身上的，但从未感染过人类。
Scientists believe the virus jumped from horses to dogs 5 years ago, but it has never infected a human.
最近的担忧激发了大量研究，我们现在比四年前更加了解流感病毒和大流行问题。
Recent concern has stimulated enormous research, and we know much more about influenza viruses and pandemics than we did four years ago.
前一年，纽约州立大学石溪分校的一个小组复制了脊髓灰质炎病毒。
A team at the State University of New York, in Stony Brook, had made a copy of the polio virus the previous year.
在中国，烟粉虱传播烟草曲茎病毒和番茄黄曲叶病毒，这些病毒在B生物型入侵前便有之，但新的生物型在感染该等病毒的植株上活得尤为“有滋有味”。
curly shoot virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus. These predatethe arrival of biotype B, but the new arrival does particularly well on plants infected by them.
这并不是第一个合成的病毒——某种脊髓灰质炎病毒已在一年前制造出来——却是唯一一个具有百分之一活性的病毒，花了三年时间才合成成功。
This was not the first synthetic virus — a polio virus had been made a year before — but it was only one ten-thousandth as active and it took three years to do.
乙肝病毒及其抗原一发现，布伦·伯格和他的研究小组就设计实验，以便在输血前对献血者进行鉴别。因为输血经常传播乙肝这种传染病。
Once the virus and its antigen were found, Dr Blumberg and his team devised tests for it, so that donors could be screened before giving the blood that often transmitted the infection.
在这种情况下，一旦提供了具体的检测前信息，一般都将进行艾滋病毒检测，除非患者拒绝检测。
In these circumstances, once specific pre-test information has been provided, the HIV test would ordinarily be performed unless the patient declines.
大约12年前，这些病毒进化重组形成新的病毒，这种病毒对人的伤害更快速，使得流感病毒的检测更加重要。
And about 12 years ago, those viruses began evolving and recombining into new forms that could sicken humans much faster than before, making monitoring a bigger priority.
我们目睹了全球性传染病横扫世界，我们要在这些病毒夺取更多人的生命前关闭这些病毒厂。
As we witness a global pandemic washing across the world, we need to shut down these virus factories - before they shut down even more human lives.
病毒跟我们是一家人：科学家认为，十多亿年前一个大的DNA病毒在细菌细胞内居住并形成了第一个细胞核。
We are family: Scientists suspect that a large DNA-based virus took up residence inside a bacterial cell more than a billion years ago to create the first cell nucleus.
在此过程中，病毒暴露在无效药物前会呈现绿色，因此可迅速区分医治天花的无效和可能有效药物。
In the process, the virus glows green when exposed to an ineffective drug, thus allowing rapid distinction between ineffective and potentially effective drugs against smallpox.
这却并非第一个人工病毒；前一年，纽约州立大学石溪分校的一个小组复制了脊髓灰质炎病毒。
It was not the first artificial virus; a team at the State University of New York, in Stony Brook, had made a copy of the polio virus the previous year.
这和她几天前见过的完全相同，此时考克斯意识到：让墨西哥人丧生的病毒和加州的孩子感染的是同一种。
They were identical to the ones she'd seen a few days earlier, she realized: The virus killing Mexicans was the same one that had infected children in California.
这位病人是位60出头的杰出艺术家，他20年前就患有病毒型肝炎，曾是肝脏移植候选者。
A gifted artist in his early 60s, the patient was a liver transplant candidate who learned he had hepatitis B some 20 years earlier.
他不幸去世前，曾和一种心脏病——心肌炎抗争。据推测该病是由病毒感染引起的，曾在他生命的最后几年造成他的体重明显波动。
His death came after a battle with a heart condition, cardiomyopathy, reportedly caused by a viral infection, which had caused noticeableweight fluctuation in his final years.
在进行移植前，病人被发现感染了少量的一种HIV病毒，X4。这种病毒不利用CCR5作为受体来感染细胞。
Before undergoing the transplant, the patient was also found to be infected with low levels of a type of HIV known as X4, which does not use the CCR5 receptor to infect cells.
研究者发现生于1918年前的人更容易产生能中和猪流感病毒的抗体。
The researchers also analyzed samples collected from humans, and found that those born before 1918 were more likely to produce antibodies capable of neutralizing the swine flu virus.
由于包括卡式肺囊虫肺炎在内的其他呼吸道感染，在HIV病毒感染者身上很常见，医生在使用某些抗生素前必须对诊断结果确认无疑。
Because other forms of respiratory infection including PCP are common among HIV-infected people, doctors must be certain of diagnosis before administering antibiotics.
该病毒在4000万年前就已经感染我们的猴子祖先，从此它的基因被传递下来。
The virus infected our monkey-like ancestors 40 million years ago, and its genes have been passed down ever since.
这一策略被称为“暴露前预防”(PrEP)，是建立在这样的概念基础上：在接触病毒之后立即阻断HIV的自我复制可以预防感染。
This strategy, known as pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is based on the concept that blocking HIV's replication immediately after exposure to the virus may prevent infection.
她在文中写道，2004年后的某一天，基贝拉的人口预测数据开始上涨，“在我们发现这一点前，夸张的数据已经像病毒一样大肆传播”。
Sometime after 2004, she wrote, population estimates for Kibera started to rise, and “Before we knew it, the figure spread like a virus.”
例如，HIV是在100年前从猴免疫缺陷病毒，或叫SIV的黑猩猩病毒演化而来。
H.I.V. evolved about a century ago from a chimpanzee virus known as simian immunodeficiency virus, or S.I.V..
随着前一年艾滋病毒的发现，美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)核准了第一个艾滋病毒测试方法。
Following the previous year's discovery of the HIV virus, the first HIV test is licensed by the us Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
随着前一年艾滋病毒的发现，美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)核准了第一个艾滋病毒测试方法。
Following the previous year's discovery of the HIV virus, the first HIV test is licensed by the us Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
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