虽然那些组成植物茎干纤维素和木质素的分子不能为酵母所消化，但是某些细菌和其他种类的真菌可以完成这项任务。
Although yeast cannot digest cellulose or lignin, the molecules that form a plant's skeleton, some bacteria and other species of fungi are able to do the job.
典型的噬菌体有存储它们病毒DNA的空心头部和带有尖端的隧道式尾巴，此尖端表面有它们的目标细菌的分子。
Typical phages have hollow heads that store their viral DNA and tunnel tails with tips that bind to specific molecules on the surface of their target bacteria.
细菌在识别分子上是天才。
也就是说，它们能够破坏细菌和病毒，并能迅速分解有机分子。
That means they destroy bacteria and viruses, and break up organic molecules with alacrity.
他们发现在皮肤表面生长的普通细菌可以通过释放一种特殊的分子阻止外层细胞发炎来帮助伤口复合。
They found common bacteria living on the surface of skin that can help wounds to heal by releasing a special molecule to stop outer-skin cells getting inflamed.
他们小组研究了绿硫细菌的叶绿素复合体，发现了其中的色素分子同样也会通过量子力学网络“连线”在一起。
His team examined a bacteriochlorophyllcomplex found in green sulphur bacteria and discovered that the pigment molecules were similarly wired together in a quantum mechanical network.
比如，当美国宇航员的科学家从细菌中提取出dna的时候，他们可能是采用额外的步骤洗净其他类型分子的。
When the NASA scientists took the DNA out of the bacteria, for example, they ought to have taken extra steps to wash away any other kinds of molecules.
即使没有找到需要杀死细菌或寄生虫，或者需要去除的气味，它将逐渐分解成两分子像增湿器的雾一样的水汽。
Even if it finds no germs to kill, or parasites to trounce, or odors to attack, it will gradually become two molecules of water which are the same as humidifier fog.
问题是，抗体能够识别出较大的分子，比如以蛋白质形式表现出来的，像细菌，病毒，或者别的感染物质。
The problem is that the molecules antibodies recognise and react to are the big ones, such as proteins, that are characteristic of bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents.
合成染色体公司对该公司具体在研究哪种分子产品讳莫如深，但文特博士的兴趣之一就是利用改造过的细菌生产燃料。
Synthetic Genomics itself is a bit cagey about exactly which molecular products it is working on, but one of Dr Venter's interests is in using modified bacteria to make fuels.
细菌利用化学信号相互沟通，在这个过程中释放和接收能被群体感应到的信号分子。
Bacteria communicate using chemical signals, releasing and receiving signalling molecules in a process known as quorum sensing.
风味通常被认为是来自植物和细菌的副产品，或者说是天然分子之间发生的化学作用。
It usually means developing flavors from plant or bacteria by-products, or chemically treating naturally occurring molecules.
在现代细胞，比如细菌中，DNA上的指令被转录到相关的叫做RNA的分子上。
In a modern cell, such as a bacterium, instructions from the DNA are transcribed into a related molecule called RNA.
他们在一个不锈钢培养皿里培育细菌，然后用激光蒸发它们的信号分子，把这些分子导入到质谱分析仪中并记录他们的状态。
They grow their bacteria on a stainless steel plate, and use a laser to vaporise their signalling molecules, feeding these into a mass spectrometer to catalogue the molecules present.
在为人们所知的细菌群感效应过程中，细菌同样释放，探测以及对有机信号分子产生反应。
Bacteria also release, detect and respond to organic signaling molecules in a process known as quorum sensing.
在这个简单案例中，仪器甚至检测到了100个两种细菌间相互攻击的信号分子，其中能与已知分子相匹配只有10种。
Even in this simple case, the instrument detected as many as 100 different signalling molecules fired off by the two bacteria, only 10 of which the team managed to match to known molecules.
研究人员利用射线发现，砷原子不仅已经出现在这些细菌的DNA中，而且还出现在了其他分子中。
By labeling the arsenic with radioactivity, the researchers were able to conclude that arsenic atoms had taken up position in the microbe's DNA as well as in other molecules within it.
叶绿素作为一种色素，植物，藻类和蓝细菌都利用此色素通过光合作用从太阳光中获取能量。 现在研究人员可能已经发现了一种新的叶绿素分子。
Researchers may have found a new form of chlorophyll, the pigment that plants, algae and cyanobacteria use to obtain energy from light through photosynthesis.
因此，如果这个细菌的气味的分子出现的话，二氧化碳的探测则终止。这大概是为了让蚊子去专心于眼前的食物吧。
So if the bacterial odor molecule is present, the CO2 sniffers turn off, presumably to allow the mosquito to concentrate on the close-range foot target.
Cooper教授的小组通过在分子水平上研究麦卢卡蜂蜜如何抑制感染伤口的细菌来帮助解决这个问题。
Professor Cooper's group is helping to solve this problem by investigating at a molecular level the ways in which manuka honey inhibits wound-infecting bacteria.
遗传学家及艺术家亨特·科尔(Hunter Cole)使用具有生物发光性的细菌绘制出这样一幅令人惊叹的DNA分子演示图。
Geneticist and artist Hunter Cole has produced an incredible rendition of DNA molecules using bioluminescent bacteria.
他说这种细菌是“抓紧每一个磷酸盐分子不放，真的是生活在‘水深火热’之中”。
He described it as "clinging to every last phosphate molecule, and really living on the edge."
所说的蛋白质就是细菌视紫红质(bR)，即一种分子，当它吸收了光线以后，就会发生结构变化。
The protein in question is bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a molecule that undergoes a structural change when it absorbs light.
改为——问题是抗体能识别和做出反应的分子是像蛋白质这样的大分子，这也是细菌，病毒和其他致病原的特征。
The problem is that the molecules antibodies recognise and react to are the big ones, such as proteins, that are characteristic of bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents.
正是注意到这点，研究人员推测细菌可能是对氨这种气体分子产生了回应。
Noting this, the experimenters deduced that ammonia was the airborne molecule to which the bacteria were responding.
他认为，对于身处干燥环境中的细菌来说，分子不易在菌落之间进行扩散，而空气中的氨就可以作为一重要的营养源的指示信息。
He proposes that for bacteria living in a dry environment, where molecules could not easily diffuse between colonies, airborne ammonia could serve as an important indicator of nitrogen sources.
红色是一种新的绿色研究人员可能从蓝细菌中提取出一种新的叶绿素分子，这种新叶绿素分子比典型产氧光合生物中的叶绿素分子更能利用偏近红外波段的光。
Red is the new GREEN Researchers working with cyanobacteria may have extracted a new variety of chlorophyll that can use more near-infrared light than is typical for oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
可是有一些细菌暗地里不产生这种分子，但仍能探测到它们的存在并从合作者那里获得好处而不付出代价。
Sneakily, some bacteria don't produce these molecules but can still detect their presence and gain the benefits of cooperation without paying any of the costs.
我们会在触摸到的一切事物上留下分子、化学品和细菌的痕迹。
We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch.
我们会在触摸到的一切事物上留下分子、化学品和细菌的痕迹。
We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch.
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