几何光学中高斯公式的推导可以不依赖象反射和折射这些特定的基本原理。
The Gauss's formula in Geometrical optics derived without relying on specific mechanisms such as reflection and refraction.
利用几何光学方法阐述激光标线仪标线的基本原理。
The principle of laser marking-off equipment is introduced by use of geometric optics.
结合物理学的基本原理和几何光学的基本规律以及光度学的基础理论等三方面，研究了单纤维在平行均匀光束垂轴入射时的光学性质。
On the basis of theories of physics, geometrical optics and photometry, the optical properties of collimated light beam incident upon single fiber perpendicular to the fiber axis are studied.
结合物理学的基本原理和几何光学的基本规律以及光度学的基础理论等三方面，研究了单纤维在平行均匀光束垂轴入射时的光学性质。
On the basis of theories of physics, geometrical optics and photometry, the optical properties of collimated light beam incident upon single fiber perpendicular to the fiber axis are studied.
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