最后给出了光栅的波像差和光线像差的计算。
球对称梯度折射率微球透镜具有体积小、光路短、外形易加工、使用易调整，且无螺旋光线、像差小等优越性能。
The spherical gradient refractive index micro-lens with small volume and short optical path can be easily shaped and conveniently adjusted, and has no spiral rays and low spherical aberration.
光学元件的广义光线传递矩阵可用初始型像差的矩阵形式表达。
Aberrations of the primary type, expressed in their matrix forms, are used to write the generalized ray transfer matrix of an optical component.
对轴外点发出的一束光线经界面反射形成的偏振像差进行了研究，并对两种具体情况进行了讨论。
The polarized aberration formed by a reflected beam from an off-axis object point is discussed in this paper, and two kinds of specific cases are analysed.
对轴外点发出的一束光线经界面反射形成的偏振像差进行了研究，并对两种具体情况进行了讨论。
The polarized aberration formed by a reflected beam from an off-axis object point is discussed in this paper, and two kinds of specific cases are analysed.
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