马克思早在一百多年前就涉及了信用理论，在前人基础上系统解释了信用扩张及信用危机的原因，并提出了自己的见解。
More than 100 years ago, Marx has researched on credit theory, he systematically explained the reasons for credit expansion and credit contraction based on previous, and put on his own views.
信用级别建立在违约可能性的基础之上，因此级别是绝对的而非相对而言的；理论上说，所有的国家都有可能违约。
Ratings are based on the probability of default so they are absolute, not relative; in theory, all countries could default on their debts.
不再是留下空白的词源条目，如果编者们不相信用一句相关的理论就可以解释清楚的话，那么在他们看来至少这样还有点娱乐性。
Instead of leaving an etymology blank if they don't believe any of the theories associated with a word they seem to be at least entertaining possibilities.
现代西方经济学的交易费用理论、信息不对称理论、博弈论为信用的产生提供了很好的理论解释。
Dealing charge theory of modern western economics, information asymmetry theory, and gaming theory provided fine theoretical explanation for the generation of credit.
揭示了企业集群信用优势的一般规律，从而为企业集群信用优势的有效培育与利用提供理论依据。
Consequently, open out the generic rule of credit advantage of enterprise cluster. It will provide theory gist to effectively foster and utilize credit advantage of enterprise cluster.
本文运用了管理学、营销学、品牌管理、战略管理、质量管理、银行信贷等理论对信用卡的市场营销情况进行了分析。
This article has analyzed the marketing status of credit card industry by employing the theories as management, marketing, brand management, strategic management and bank credit, etc.
本文介绍了信用证交易中违法例外这一全新的理论观点。
This article introduced in the letter of credit transaction the illegal exception this brand-new theory viewpoint.
由于信用风险债券的估价理论在企业债券信用风险的研究中始终处于基础理论的位置，本文在第一部分先对有关信用风险债券的估价理论进行评述。
For the fundamental position of the pricing theory of the credit risk in the studies on the credit risk of corporate bond, firstly, the pricing theory is analyzed.
等等。对这些问题的分析论证将引导主观信用风险控制理论走向微观，推动其控制系统的深层研究。
The analysis and discussion on these problems will lead the study of credit risk control theory from its macro-level to its micro and deep levels.
本论文借鉴风险管理的一般理论来研究商业银行信用风险的管理。
This paper use general risk management theory for reference to study the management of commercial bank credit risk.
本论文第一部分采用博弈理论对商业银行信用风险形成的机理和原因进行了分析。
The first part of the article adopts game theory to analyze the mechanisms and reasons how and why commercial bank credit risk form.
信用问题是经济理论研究中的新领域，也是现实经济运行中遇到的重大难题。
Credit issue is not only the new domain of economic theory study but the puzzle in the practical economic process as well.
全文大体分为两块，一块是关于个人信用制度的经济学理论分析。
The whole article divides into two parts one to analyze about the economics theory of the personal credit system.
全文大体分为两块，一块是关于个人信用制度的经济学理论分析。
The whole article divides into two parts, one to analyze about the economics theory of the personal credit system.
本文从理论和实践角度分析研究了基于价值创造的企业信用管理。
This paper starts from the points of both theory and practice to analyze value-creation-based business credit management system.
表明信用评级是一种解决非对称信息问题的手段，这种手段平行于激励理论。
It is shown that credit rating is a way to solve the problem of asymmetric information, different from incentive theory.
信用风险控制理论与实践探讨在国内还处于相当初级的阶段。
The theoretical and practical probes into the theory of credit risk control are still in the elementary stage in our country.
因此，研究信用风险问题有重大的理论和实践意义。
So the study on commercial bank credit risk has great theoretical significance and practical value.
金融危机背景下，回顾与展望我国消费信用法研究与相关立法具有重要的理论与现实意义。
It is of theory and practical significance to review and prospect the research and legislation of China's consumer credit law at the backdrop of financial crisis.
信用体系的建设问题是经济理论研究的新领域，也是现实经济运行中遇到的重大难题。
The credit system construction problem is not only a new domain in the investigation of economic theory but also the great puzzle during the operation of practical economy.
第二章：企业信用评价理论基础概述。
Chapter two: the theoretical foundation summary of enterprises' credit rating.
运用动态博弈理论、市场有效性理论、展望理论对衍生金融工具的信用风险、市场风险、操作风险的产生机理进行了经济学分析。
An economical analysis which USES Game theory, EMH and Prospect theory of the production mechanism about credit risks, market risk, and operation risk of the derivatives has been given.
以边际成本理论为基础，通过比较两个信用政策，研究增量收入与增量成本的计算方法，从而确定其增量利润。
By comparing two credit policies, the author researches the computing methods of incremental revenue and cost and defines the incremental profit.
因此，对备用信用证的法律问题进行研究不仅有理论意义，而且有迫切的现实意义。
Therefore, it is significant to do research on standby letter of credits in the theory and reality.
信用风险内部控制是在对信用风险进行评价和预警之后，运用科学有效的理论及方法，来降低风险，增加收益的经济活动。
After the evaluation and warning, the inner control system USES the science theories and methods to reduce the risk and to increase benefit of economic activities.
因此，从理论上对信用缺失进行系统地分析和探讨，是现实的需要，也是经济学研究不能回避的重大课题。
Therefore, to systematically analyze and search into the credit lack is not only practical need but also an unavoidably important subject in the economics investigation.
因此，从理论上对信用缺失进行系统地分析和探讨，是现实的需要，也是经济学研究不能回避的重大课题。
Therefore, to systematically analyze and search into the credit lack is not only practical need but also an unavoidably important subject in the economics investigation.
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