第二章是事实推定的制度分析。
The second chapter is the analysis of the presumption of fact.
第一章是事实推定的概述。
第四章是对事实推定的完善提出的若干建议。
The fourth chapter is to give advice of how to improve the presumption of fact.
第三章是事实推定的现状及我国建立事实推定的可行性分析。
The third chapter is about actualities of the presumption of fact and the feasible analysis of founding it in our country.
引言部分，指出认定事实的两种方法，自然引出事实推定制度。
For the part of quote, it educes the presumption of fact spontaneously by the way of stating two methods about fact-finding.
第三部分介绍了英美法系和大陆法系民事诉讼中的事实推定制度。
Part 3: The introduction of presumption of fact of common law system and civil law system.
事实推定适用的条件是适用事实推定抑或适用证明责任裁判案件的界限；
The requirements for the application of the presumption of fact lie in their application boundary.
同时事实推定和法律推定在效力上、在具体程序设计上都应当区别加以分析。
And fact presumption and legal presumption should be distinguished and analyzed in their effect and concrete procedure design.
事实推定的适用必然对证明责任产生影响，主要体现在主观证明责任的转移。
The fact that the application of the presumption the burden of proof is bound to have an impact is mainly reflected in the transfer of the subjective burden of proof.
学术界传统观点认为，按有无法律上的规定推定可以分为法律推定和事实推定。
The traditional view in the academic circle classifies presumptions into legal presumption and actual presumption.
最后对知识产权审判中经常应用的事实推定方法对证明责任分配的影响进行了论述。
Push the method of deciding finally for the fact of regular application in the adjudication of intellectual property, the influence for proof responsibility distribution is discussed.
认定非法占有目的应当以行为人的外在表现为依据，采取综合判断和事实推定的方法。
The determination of the purpose of illegal possession should be based on the actor's extrinsic manifestation, and the method of comprehensive judgment and factual presumption should be adopted.
事实推定在民事审判中的良好运用，对于判断认定案件事实，定纷止争具有重要的现实意义。
In the civil trial, the good use of presumption of fact is of immediate significance for judge to find the facts of the case and stop the conflicts.
例如，盖然性学说运用优势证据或事实推定理论，可以使受害者更容易的解决因果关系问题。
For example, using the theory of High degree of probability, the victims can solve the causal problem more easily.
第二部分提出了事实推定制度在我国建立的可行性基础，主要体现在理论基础和现实基础两方面。
In terms of second part, the feasible basis of founding the presumption of fact in our country is brought forward which is mainly embodied in the theory and practice.
在民事诉讼活动中，事实推定作为法官认定案件事实的一种裁判方法，其应用范围比法律推定更为广泛。
As a measure of judging the facts in issue, the presumption of fact is practiced more widely than presumption of law in judicial areas.
但是，事实推定自身所存在的证明的不完全性和结果的或然性等局限，极大地阻碍了事实推定应有作用的发挥。
However, the existence of incomplete form and probable result in fact presumption, have put an enormous hindrance to the function it should have.
在进行事实推定时，法官必须基于良知和公正的理念要求，运用自己的知识能力理性地运用经验规则，对待证事实作出推论。
In presumption of fact, the judges must base on the concept of conscience and justice, use their knowledge and competence to rationally exercise experience, and infer the facts to be found.
主要是在上一章含义界定后，进一步对事实推定的基础、以及该制度的功能和局限性进行正反分析，做到对事实推定制度的全面理解。
It mainly analyses the basis of the presumption of fact, function and limitation in positive and negative side so as to understand the presumption of fact comprehensively.
与协议的存在和事实有关的事项，例如虚假陈述、误解、欺诈和强迫等，适用推定准据法。
Matters associated with the existence and fact of the agreement, such as misrepresentation, mistake, fraud and duress, will be governed by the putative proper law.
在刑事诉讼中，刑事推定是认定案件事实的一种重要方法，在某种程度上减轻了控方证明的难度。
During the criminal procedure, criminal presumption is an important method in identifying the case, which to some extent mitigates the difficulty of Public Prosecutor's proof.
裁判事实是事实审理者通过法定程序，在证据的基础上，对案件涉及的客观事实所作的一种认定或推定。
Adjudicative facts mean the judgments or presumptions made by the trier of fact about the objective facts concerning the case, on the basis of the evidences, through the procedure.
推定是指通过对基础事实与未知事实之间常态联系的肯定来认定事实的特殊方法。
Presumption is a special way to establish facts through the affirmation of the normal linkage between foundational facts and unknown facts.
事实上推定不仅根植于经验常识和逻辑规则，它还受到价值因素的制约，所以与司法证明的法律真实标准是有着契合之处。
Actually, Presumption not only results from the experience and logical rule, but also is restricted by the elements of value. So, it agrees with the real law standards of proof.
事实自证制度通常并不涉及对被告过错的推定，也不必定导致举证责任的倒置。
Res ipsa loquitur does not normally entail a presumption of the defendant's fault, nor a shift in the burden of proof.
推定是在部分案件事实不能证明的情况下，依据逻辑关系或者司法理性，确定案件待证事实为真的过程。
Presumption in criminal law means confirming facts by judge according to logic thinking or legal reasoning without proof. Presumption is different from proving.
应正确运用推定规则判定“明知”，对推定结论允许以确凿的事实予以反驳。
For "known" evidence, presumption rules should be properly employed and inference conclusion may be rebutted with the support of determined facts.
司法认知和推定都是法官在审判过程中依据职权对事实进行认定的审判职权行为。
The judicial notice and inference are all the judging action to find fact according to authority during a trial.
司法认知和推定都是法官在审判过程中依据职权对事实进行认定的审判职权行为。
The judicial notice and inference are all the judging action to find fact according to authority during a trial.
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