卡尔31岁时被诊断出患有一种罕见的癌症，她的肝脏和肺部长了肿瘤。
Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.
这些病人曾因原发性癌症做过手术，但是又有了继发性肿瘤迹象。
These patients had been operated on for the primary cancer but there was evidence of secondary tumours.
举例而言，一个癌症药因为能使肿瘤变小就可能被批准使用，而不是因为制造商能证明病人服用之后活得更长。
For example, a cancer drug might be approved because it causes tumors to shrink, not because its manufacturer can prove that patients live longer after taking it.
美国消费者主要关心的事情，包括青春期早发性、肿瘤的生长、癌症风险的提高和遗传问题。
The major concerns for US consumers include the early onset of puberty, growth of tumors, heightened cancer risks, and genetic problems.
该发现为研究和治疗癌症打开了了新思路：如果肿瘤的肝细胞可以被根除，那么它本身也会随即死去。
This opens new ways of thinking about and treating the cancers. If its stem cells are eradicated, the rest of a tumour may die off.
唐格尼说，这些发现非常令人兴奋，因为癌症治疗的主要目的就是以集中治疗肿瘤为重点，同时不损害健康细胞。
Tangney said the findings were very exciting because the main goal of cancer treatment is to focus therapy on tumors without harming healthy cells.
根治方法：将肿瘤的蛋白的注射给病人，训练免疫系统对抗癌症。
Radical Cure: Inject a patient with proteins from his tumor; train immune system to hunt cancer.
如果能找到类似的方法来控制患者肿瘤细胞，或许，他们就开启了癌症治疗的新途径。
If they can find a similar way to control the cells' fate in patients' tumours, they may have opened a new avenue for cancer therapy.
密歇根州立大学最近一个基于小白鼠的研究发现，萝卜硫素也攻击癌症干细胞——该干细胞是肿瘤生长的帮凶。
A recent University of Michigan study on mice found that sulforaphane also targets cancer stem cells-those that aid in tumor growth.
癌症初期，袋獾的面部生出肿瘤。
他们发现HPV16—一种最常见的引发癌症的株状病毒在百分之72的癌症患者的肿瘤中都出现了。
They found HPV16 - one of the most common cancer-causing strains of the virus - was present in the tumours of 72 per cent of cancer patients.
称之为肿瘤抑制基因的突变可以引起生长失去控制，从而可能导致癌症。
Mutations in so-called tumor suppressor genes can result in loss of growth control, which in turn may result in cancer.
科学家们发现，将患有癌症的老鼠置于复杂的生活环境中，其肿瘤生长速度显著放缓。
Scientists found that simply placing mice afflicted with cancer in a more complex living environment resulted in a remarkable reduction in tumor growth.
英国的香烟包装早已带上可怕的患有癌症的肺部，尸体和肿瘤的图片。
Cigarette packs in the U.K. already carry gruesome images of cancer-ridden lungs, corpses and tumors.
汤姆斯·博拉克：当通过辐射治疗癌症患者时，你尽量为肿瘤施以高剂量的辐射。
Thomas Borak: When you're delivering radiation to a cancer patient, you're trying to deliver an extremely high dose to the tumor.
2004年的一天清晨，一个扫描显示，在他的胰脏部位有一个癌症肿瘤：乔布斯几乎就被判了死刑。
Early one morning in 2004, a scanrevealed a cancerous tumor on his pancreas: a death sentence.
对癌症药物来讲，能够使肿瘤收缩被认为是增加生存机会的预言者。
For cancer drugs, tumor shrinkage is considered a predictor of increased survival.
对于年轻女性来说，直接放射性疗法和化疗药物会导致卵巢停止排卵。这意味着她们怀孕的希望已经和肿瘤一道，被癌症治疗连根拨除了。
In young women and girls, direct radiation and chemotherapy drugs can stop egg production by the ovaries-meaning that along with the tumor, hopes for pregnancy are often eradicated.
作为从未受过医学培训的人来说，他原以为那些肿瘤专家和癌症研究者们都会对此持怀疑态度，但没想到他的想法却激发了他们的想象力。
As someone with no medical training, he expected to be greeted with skepticism from oncologists and cancer researchers alike. Instead, his idea seemed to capture their imaginations.
六月三十日，乌戈•查韦斯整个人面容憔悴、面色铁青。在一段于古巴录制的十五分短片中他坦陈自己正在接受癌症肿瘤切除手术的术后治疗。
On June 30th, haggard and grim-faced, Venezuela’s president admitted in a 15-minute video recorded in Cuba that he was receiving treatment after the removal of a cancerous tumour.
癌症风险的减小只在那些肿瘤患者身上有所体现，和他们吸烟饮酒的量有关。
The reduction of cancer risk was only seen in tumours associated with smoking and alcohol consumption.
化学疗法也许能有效地杀死整个肿瘤，但是癌症干细胞可能会躲开药物，在几年后导致癌症的复发。
Chemotherapy might effectively kill an entire tumor, but cancer stem cells might evade the drugs and cause a relapse of the cancer years later.
一位外科医生可以在保证安全的情况下删除尽可能多的脑肿瘤，并制订化疗和放射治疗，但癌症还会继续增长。
A surgeon can remove as much of the brain tumor as is safe and prescribe chemo - and radiation therapy, but the cancer will grow back.
然后，他也指出，主要的探索之路可归结为有效地减少感染病毒人群的疾病表征，而肿瘤专家已经可以在癌症方面做得更多。
Instead, he noted, a major part of the quest comes down to effectively reducing the disease manifestation in those who have the virus, much as oncologists have been able to do in many cancers.
做活组织检查不意味患有癌症，并且切除结肠息肉是预防结肠直肠肿瘤的有效方法。
Biopsies do not imply cancer, however, removal of a colonic polyp is an important means of preventing colo-rectal cancer.
在使用用癌症疫苗找出更小更隐蔽的肿瘤前，必须先验证它们确实能针对特定癌症并且使快速生长的癌肿缩小。
Before they can seek out these smaller, hidden deposits of tumors, however, cancer vaccines must prove that they can actually target and shrink a cancer's more conspicuous growths.
如果癌症的干细胞被消灭了，其他的肿瘤组织或许会死掉。
If its stem cells are eradicated, the rest of a tumour may die off.
许多癌症患者身上都有较高水平的透明质酸，它与肿瘤的转移有关。
Many cancers have high levels of hyaluronan, which is linked to tumor metastasis.
虽然高量辐射会导致癌症，对肿瘤的放射性治疗被用于治疗癌症。
Although high doses of radiation can lead to cancer, radiation therapy targeted at tumors is used to treat cancer.
不过通过借用生物学其他分支的理念，肿瘤学家逐渐相信几乎全部的癌症都与干细胞或者极其类似干细胞的组织有关。
But, borrowing an idea from another part of biology, oncologists are coming to believe that most-possibly all-cancers involve stem cells, or something very like them.
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