The most obvious difference between a yeast and a nematode is that one is single-celled while the other is multi-cellular.
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What happened next included the town fathers' constructing them a new, modern brewery, the hiring of a lager-minded brewmaster from Bavaria and possibly the theft of a Bavarian yeast strain, smuggled in by a monk.
It also needs a good grasp of the firm's core competence: in this instance, knowing lots about yeast, a common factor in all of Kikkoman's activities.
Advances in science made it possible to isolate a strain of yeast that results in a lighter-colored beer with a cleaner, crisper flavor.
The researchers also are developing protein-network maps for other organisms, including a yeast cell and Caenorhabditis elegans, a tiny worm with some 19, 000 genes, about the same number as humans.
Philip Armour, for instance, was a meat packer from Chicago, Andrew Carnegie, a Pittsburgh steel man and Maximillian Fleischmann, a yeast maker from Cincinnati.
Thin crackers of savory granola dipped in frozen black sesame butter melt on the tongue into a satisfying grit, and a miniature lobster roll comes on a tiny yeast-flavored meringue.
For example, if a yeast cell was genetically modified to include a particular gene, this technique would allow the expression of that gene to come under precise control.
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Although yeast is a simple organism, its molecular biology is a lot more mammal-like than a bacterium's.
Yeast (a fungus itself) gets 500 milligrams of ethanol per gram of cornstarch.
This is a lengthy affair, which helps to explain why only two other eukaryotes (yeast, and a small worm called C. elegans) have had their genomes fully sequenced.
While he loves a chewy, old-school Neapolitan-style crust and suggests letting your dough rise overnight for fuller flavor, Mr. Vetri has also developed a simpler Romana-style dough that forgoes the use of a yeast starter and shines in thin-crust preparations.
At its worst, the wine can smell a bit like that, too, if a certain yeast strain called Brettanomyces makes its way into the fermentation process.
Cadus is using yeast to identify a class of proteins known as G protein-coupled receptors.
This emerged in the lab of MIT biologist Leonard Guarente, whose team spent years counting thousands of yeast cells under a microscope.
"There were several people here at the 'Hutch' who were thinking about starting a company around using yeast in drug discovery, " says Hartwell, a calm-spoken man with a bristly gray mustache.
In his early days of baking, Steve created a leavener with a starter inoculated with wild yeast from wine grapes.
GlycoFi's technology is based on a library of yeast strains that have been engineered to attach sugar structures to proteins--a process known as glycosylation.
The 64-year-old, who comes from a brewing family, has developed a novel technique that fuses yeast to the sides of specially created ceramic-lined cylinders during the brewing process.
This version is a big, gorgeous yeast bread, flavored with nutmeg, mace, brandy, and Madeira and containing a generous amount of dried fruits.
Although the mould Penicillium roqueforti is added by manufacturers to produce the "blue" in cheeses, researchers found a yeast called Y. lipolytica directly influenced their smell.
For the sponge, using a rubber spatula, combine the 3 cups flour, yeast, milk, sugar, and soft butter in a mixer bowl or another large bowl.
Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, a firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, of which Dr Sinclair is a co-founder, has identified a number of synthetic molecules whose effect on yeast is many times more potent than resveratrol's.
Similarly, in yeast cells high levels of a gene called sir2 made them live 50% longer than usual.
The reason to think Merck may succeed, argues Tim Anderson of Sanford Bernstein, a research firm, is that it has found a way to make biosimilars by culturing them inside yeast cells.
Other Antarctic discoveries include an extract from green algae for use in cosmetic skin treatment, and anti-tumour properties in a strain of yeast.
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His own process allows the yeast to work quicker and involves first fixing the yeast to the ceramic lining of a stainless steel cylinder.
Biotechnology is good at taking genes from one organism (a human being, for example) and sticking them into another (yeast, say) in order to churn out large amounts of a desirable protein.
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