Mark Changizi and his colleagues at Caltech examined more than a hundred ancient and modern writing systems.
And of all the artifacts that have aided cognition, the most important is the development of writing, or more properly, of notational systems: number systems, writing, calendars, notational systems for mathematics, engineering, music and dance.
So, good list, Forbes, but you left out the most important tools of all, the cognitive artifacts that have truly made us smart: writing and notational systems, objects of travel and information technology, which really picked up somewhere around the development of the telegraph, but could be argued to have developed earlier with the wide variety of signaling systems.
Eventually he got into the dispatch industry, writing software for taxi systems, and things like that.
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His application listed 26 books he said he'd read between August 1969 and January 1970 while writing his dissertation on educational systems in the Belgian Congo.
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The city's financial and administrative systems relied on the world's first known system of writing, cuneiform, which was used to record transactions, issue receipts and compile inventories.
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The site oDesk in particular hires contractors, not just in writing but also in web development, software development, networking and information systems, administrative support, and other fields.
Most of the students in those systems don't acquire even the barest skills in reading and writing.
Dean Zarras has been writing software since 1982, focusing on large-scale trading and risk management systems on and off Wall Street.
But testing every flaw in a target's network would require writing thousands of "exploits"--the programs used to hack into vulnerable systems.
His analysis and writing center on advancing our understanding of education in society and the role of educational systems in influencing access and opportunity among underserved and disadvantaged students.
As providers do more of their visits via secure messaging, however, systems will need to think about new models for compensating providers that acknowledge writing a thoughtful message to a patient does take time and needs to be balanced with other work.
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