By injecting the orb weaver gene into the father of Mille and Muscade, Nexia bred she-goats with mammary glands able to produce the complex proteins that make up spider silk.

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Carrying home bags of powdered pigs' glands every week with her father meant a new lease of life for 10-year-old Hilary Richardson.

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Dr Peter Chait and colleagues told an annual meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society how injections of botulinum toxin A into the salivary glands helped 70% of children with cerebral palsy and severe drooling.

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This sent him to the animal research station at Ruakura among the sheep, and there, in an unsterile theatre, he began with much trial and error to remove the pituitary glands of unborn lambs.

ECONOMIST: Mont Liggins | The

He started with mouse embryos and graduated to goats, whose large mammary glands make better milk machines.

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Common problems include overactive oil glands, bacteria growth within follicles and pores and problems with the keratinization process, where cells are normally sloughed off the skin, pushed out of the hair follicle and replaced by new cells.

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Ingestion of the short-lived isotope iodine-131, with its well-known risk of thyroid cancer when absorbed in the thyroid glands of children and young people, was the only major radiation-related health effect of the Chernobyl accident on the public.

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