He claimed victory in the first round of voting in August, but an investigation revealed widespread fraud.
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Mr Ter-Petrosian had alleged there was widespread fraud at the poll, but his legal appeal was rejected.
To be sure, such financial innovation has outrun regulation, allowing the widespread fraud that ultimately crashed real estate values and the economy.
Widespread fraud in the 20 August first round led to Mr Karzai being stripped of the outright win he appeared to have secured.
Republicans said photo IDs were needed because of widespread voter fraud at the polls, a problem that Democrats said was non-existent.
The measures follow allegations of widespread electoral fraud, including vote-rigging, in the UK since postal and proxy voting were greatly extended in 2001.
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Mr Malik says that while no voter list can be absolutely flawless, there is greater hope this time that widespread electoral fraud will be eradicated.
Ultimately, the relatively modest settlements announced over the last 10 days indicate one thing: federal regulators determined their hunt for widespread foreclosure fraud was going nowhere.
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Mr Xenophon told the BBC he has repeatedly voiced fears that the country's forthcoming elections, due to be held in June, could be subject to "widespread election fraud and corruption".
"There was also a widespread impression that fraud and abuse in the bankruptcy system had been rising over time, " he said, with people taking advantage of loopholes and sometimes walking away from debts they could afford to pay.
In fact, very few ended up as court cases in which people went to jail, which has been a widespread problem in mortgage fraud.
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While the affidavit doesn't specify how much money or how many customers were involved, it makes clear the fraud was widespread and brought in millions of dollars to the Haslam family business over at least six years.
For financial fraud to become widespread, you need toleration on the part of legislators and regulators.
Mr Karzai's new concern for electoral malpractice had little to do with any desire to root out electoral fraud, however widespread.
Investigations after the 1929 stock market crash revealed widespread conflicts of interest and outright fraud in the activities of financial firms leading up to the Great Crash.
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There has been widespread concern that the battle against fraud and economic crime would be made less effective if the SFO's lawyers and investigators were separated into different institutions.
The widespread availability of a crowdfunding plug-in also opens the door to fraud.
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