Cloud computing risks vary, dependent in part on whether the cloud is public, private or a hybrid and whether it includes the software, hardware or total infrastructure.

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The combination of the cloud and identity can create a lot of context for simple tools, whether they be hardware, like a pen, or software, like an app.

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Dr Cardelli is trying to discover whether it is more like the hardware of electronic circuits or the software of programming languages.

ECONOMIST: Computing and biology