They book losses when the value of their debt rises, and gains when it declines.
When the value of money declines, the value of wages paid in that currency declines too.
When the value of the currency is too low compared to the standard, you decrease the supply.
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This experience shows that when the value of the dollar went up, the price of oil went down.
The dense-breast debate comes at a time when the value of breast-cancer screening in general is being questioned.
When the value of your collateral falls below what you owe, you need to put up more collateral.
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But what about when the value that was promised to be delivered from a partnership fails to materialize?
Private investors will not commit capital to productive assets when the value of those assets is losing ground to inflation.
In other words, when the value of the currency is too high compared to the standard, you increase the supply.
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This occurs when the value of the home has dropped, and the borrower makes payments but notices a bargain at another home.
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No surprise if ultimately the car might end up being provided for free when the value of these services will surpass that of the vehicle!
Last week, France called for the European Central Bank (ECB) to consider setting a target for the single currency - steering it lower when the value became too high.
Also, there can be an installment sale (when the value of the asset is low) to a defective grantor trust that is a completed transfer but not taxed for income tax purposes.
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Of course the logic behind the new calculation comes after the financial crisis when the value of homes plummeted, and homeowners had meanwhile invested in complex securities that, in many cases, had dropped in value as well.
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One example often brought up is Links Island, a maritime company whose stock the Singapore Exchange said had been "cornered" (reducing the free float below the required 10% minimum) during a period when the value of the stock rose fourfold in four months after its IPO in April 2000.
The SEC said that when the value of those bonds began to decline in late 2007, they had "abandoned their obligation to accurately record the fair value of their bonds and instead began to price the bonds in a way that allowed them to achieve their goal of showing consistently profitable trading".
The idea seems harmless: Financial institutions should adjust their balance sheets and their capital accounts when the market value of the financial assets they hold goes up or down.
And one thing I just want to be clear on is we actually believe in the creative destruction of markets as well when the net value for the poor is positive.
They have flocked there for 30 years, especially recently, when the declining value of the Australian dollar made it one of the last places where they could enjoy a cheap holiday abroad.
The problem was no bells rang on Wall Street when the market value line approached the replacement value line on your chart.
The recent gyrations of the equity market provide another explanation: when the market value of a company fluctuates, that increases the apparent risk of lending to it as well, making corporate debt as well as equity less attractive.
This firm went bust in 1991, when the market value of its junk-bond portfolio collapsed.
This trick can be employed only when the current fair value of the asset falls below the book value of the asset.
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While this may seem theoretically sensible, in practice it leads to buying back more shares when the market value has increased significantly in response to stronger cash flows.
Remember all the executives who moaned that they were the biggest losers when fraud evaporated the value of their out-year options?
When the net policy value is eroded, the company issues a 1099 for many years worth of earnings.
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This is the case when opportunities for growth provide the most economic value or during periods when business is weak enough to favor the conservation of cash.
Call options, of course, increase in value when a stock price rises, while puts gain value when the stock price falls.
So pitting intangible value against concrete cost increases is a hard sell, even when the net present value is positive.
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