He died in an operation in 2009 when a surgeon in Shropshire adapted a spray gun to close the wound in his knee.
Concerns over the safety of the MMR jab were raised in the late 1990s when a surgeon published a since discredited paper in The Lancet suggesting MMR was linked to an increased risk of autism.
Age might be something to weigh when choosing a surgeon.
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But concerns over its safety were raised a decade later when surgeon Andrew Wakefield published a paper in The Lancet - which the publication later fully retracted - suggesting MMR was linked with an increased risk of autism.
It did not help when Amir Aziz, a surgeon from Lahore who disappeared last month, reappeared on November 20th.
This worked well until 1964, when a devastating report from the surgeon-general's advisory committee in effect ended medical uncertainty about the harmfulness of smoking.
He was in the medical profession, a heart and lung transplant surgeon, when he decided to run for office in a most favorable Republican year, 1994.
Concerns over the jab's safety were raised in the late 1990s when surgeon Andrew Wakefield published a since discredited paper in The Lancet suggesting MMR was linked to an increased risk of autism.
"The plantar fascia is in a relaxed position when you're sleeping, " says Jacqueline Sutera, a podiatric surgeon in New York City.
Lorenza, a former veterinary surgeon who is now a homemaker, met del Toro when they were in high school.
One test of a cancer surgeon is knowing when surgery is pointless and when to forge ahead.
He likes to say that the only time a physicist and a brain surgeon meet is when the physicist is about to be cut open and to his mind that made no sense.
And the oral surgeon wasn't home when a CNN crew went there on Saturday.
Toward the end of his four-year stint as surgeon general, in an informal poll that I conducted, only five of 60 experts in public health and public policy could identify the current surgeon general, even when offered a multiple-choice format.
How far are we from the day when an emergency room surgeon refuses to operate on a person because he had a glass of wine or ate pork before getting ill?
The first serious attempt to build one happened in the 1980s, when Jarvik-7, made by Robert Jarvik, a surgeon at the University of Utah, captured the world's attention.
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But he survived until the morning when the surgeon opened up his knee again and found a raging staph infection that took two rounds of surgery to clean up.
When I was in Tulsa a few months ago, a fellow-surgeon explained how he had made up for lost revenue by shifting his operations for well-insured patients to a specialty hospital that he partially owned while keeping his poor and uninsured patients at a nonprofit hospital in town.
The court heard the plastic surgeon took the photograph of a patient, who had been anaesthetised, when he was about to replace her breast implants.
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When my loved one is undergoing a serious operation as I pace in the waiting room, the surgeon is under pressure while I am under stress.
The South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard had become a medical superstar just a few months earlier, when he successfully transplanted the heart of a young woman who was killed in a car accident.
"Robotic surgery does help me when I have to go really deep in the pelvis or use a lot of sutures, " says gynecological surgeon Marie Paraiso at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, who uses both procedures.
When Timothy Roberson, a 48-year-old former tire-factory worker, had his spine fused by surgeon Kevin Foley at Memphis's Methodist University Hospital in August 2000, he says Dr. Foley didn't tell him of his relationship with Medtronic.
"When it comes to neurology, there's so much unknown, " said Dr. Ricardo Komotar, a brain surgeon and professor at Miami University who is not involved in Ryan's care.
In 1991, when Second Sight's Dr. Greenberg was still in medical training at Johns Hopkins University, he watched a retinal surgeon perform a procedure where he placed a wire in a patient's eye and ran a bit of electrical current through it, and the patient saw a spot of light.
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