So right at the early 20th Century, what you had is Muslims were experimenting with Westernizing and secularizing and modernization and nationalism.

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This de-Westernizing trend seems likely to continue.

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To be clean shaven has for decades been a political statement of solidarity with the secular, Westernizing elites who were pre-eminent across much of the Arab world until the series of uprisings that came to be known as the Arab Spring.

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