When cosmic rays pass through the NOvA detector, they leave straight tracks and deposit well-known amounts of energy.

ENGADGET: NOvA neutrino detector captures cosmic rays in 3D, aims to unlock the mysteries of the universe

The AMS is a particle detector that will use radiation from space to help ascertain conditions at the beginning of the universe as well as providing more data about its composition.

FORBES: Scientists Detect Heaviest Known Antimatter Particle