Every year, my company hires hundreds of minimum wage workers for seasonal campground management jobs.

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The most startling finding is that career wage gaps are the largest in management and finance, sales and professional occupations.

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In the summer of 2001, a few members of the non-unionized workforce asked management for information about the wage per hour earned by the average worker.

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The number of complex reasons why women remain underrepresented in the ranks of upper management and are still subject to wage gaps is a matter that has been researched for decades.

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The results of the PCS ballot come after unions representing 14, 000 cabin crew at British Airways have warned of strikes over management plans for job losses and a wage freeze.

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Last week I was even offered a management position, but had to decline since a living wage could not be negotiated.

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"If you have 3% inflation rate, businesses will have to keep pace in terms of wage growth, " said Yuuki Sakurai, chief executive of Fukoku Capital Management.

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But they are warning engineering and management skills are hard to find, leading to the prospect of wage inflation.

BBC: 'Skills boost needed' for oil and gas sector

The second was a show of deference to Hiroshi Okuda, Toyota's chairman, who heads the Keidanren, a powerful business federation, which stands for company management and is a vocal advocate of both lower labour costs and wage-bargaining reform.

ECONOMIST: Deflation is transforming Japan's annual pay rituals