This raises an interesting debate: should collaboration technologies be a separate vertical stack of tools with links to and from existing tools?

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They enable water to be pumped in a network that runs between the horizontal layers of a stack and the thousands of vertical interconnections that carry information between its layers.

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The researchers twigged that this phenomenon could be used to measure density and, as they report in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, they set about this task by erecting a stack of two off-the-shelf neodymium magnets separated by a vertical vial of paramagnetic fluid.

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