Using price to manage demand is a well-studied discipline in the airline and railway industries, where individual seats may be priced differently to manage variable demand into fixed capacity.
Issuers want to avoid offering variable-rate demand obligations because they fear that if rates rise or their creditworthiness declines, they may not be able to roll over short-term borrowings.
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To keep borrowing costs from exploding, municipal borrowers sought big bank letters of credit as backstop guarantees on the shorter than they wanted variable-rate demand obligations they turned to.
Coal stocks fall into the energy sector even through the pivotal variable for earnings is demand for metallurgical grade coal which is tied to world steel production.
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For example, rather than purchase expensive ultra-efficient motors, low cost opportunistic additions to old fans and pumps such as variable frequency drives and demand controls can deliver equal energy savings at a fraction of the cost.
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Now 56, Critelli spends most of his time lobbying for postal reforms to benefit Pitney Bowes, such as variable pricing for commercial mail to stimulate demand in off-peak hours.
Of course, more distributed generators contributing variable renewable energy to the grid means an increasing challenge to regulate the consistency of supply and demand.
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As more enterprises shut down their in-house data centers and turn to on-demand storage and computing services delivered via the Internet, their storage needs become more variable and less predictable.
Coke machines may soon offer variable pricing for a can of pop, based on the time of day, temperature and the historical demand curve.
The report said the demand for broadband among deep rural residents was not being met and that many continued to experience variable mobile phone reception.
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