The value-added approach, in fact, shows that sales of the iPhone are adding to the U.S. economy rather than subtracting from it, as the traditional approach would imply.
For those retirees, it will require a more actively managed and value-added approach to their portfolios, including investments in the stock market, even then with no guarantees of success.
One goal of this approach is to eliminate non-value-added activities in Chrysler plants in a thoroughgoing way that the company never has attempted before, down to shaving steps required by an assembly-line operator to complete a given task by asking the worker to redesign the job.