Since then, scores of scientists have tested and re-run the analysis carried out by Mann, McIntyre and McKitrick, using different approaches and more refined data sets.
As the number of different studies indicates, using data and analytics to drive business growth is difficult, but important.
But ultimately, tech companies compiling and using all this data is no different than what consumers have allowed financial services companies to do over recent decades with credit card data.
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Two academics from the University of Wisconsin, together with CareerCast staffers, rate each of 200 jobs according to five different core criteria, using data from the BLS, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and trade associations like the American Psychiatric Association.
On the other hand, middle managers and very tech-savvy folks are allowed to slice and dice all of the data using more than 34 different selection criteria, he said.
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The data must be managed and analyzed using different tools such as Hadoop and Splunk.
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Using the same data but carrying out a slightly different analysis, Nasa said it was the 9th warmest year with temperatures 0.6C warmer than the mid 20th century baseline.
Sickweather claims to be different because it operates in real time using data from social networks, rather than news reports or internet search terms, and is designed for use by individuals, rather than public health officials.
The main difference is caused by the fact that, although they use much of the same data, they calculate the inflation rate using different formulae.
In both cases, several unrelated types of calculation, using independent data sets, and running on a range of computers in different organisations that may not fully trust one another, have to be threaded together to achieve a coherent answer.
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Though devices using WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) technology will not disappear from the marketplace, both Potter and Yankowski agreed that different devices using 3G technologies will dominate mainly due to the convergence of voice and data.
Using his own words as motivation, Larcada proceeded to display the power of data visualization in soccer via two different heat maps.
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