It is therefore something of a mystery why researchers concerned about mouse contamination did not engage in a literature search to establish whether the primers used in their experiments were in fact specific to XMRV sequences which are unique to the virus.
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All the animals had been used in medical experiments and were infected with Hepatitis C.
The collision changed the orientation and orbit of the Russian satellite, which was being used in scientific experiments, Kelso said.
He suggests that the problems may be the result of the particular strain of genetically altered mice used in those experiments.
Pesticides and other chemicals that could mimic estrogen and disrupt the normal development of salmon are present in the Columbia's water, Nagler said, but at very low concentrations - far below those used in laboratory experiments.
However, he said that embryonic stem cells remained the most obvious source of cells for such transplants, as foetal tissue - used in some experiments - was scarce, and so-called "adult stem cells" had never been converted into the right type of brain cells, despite 15 years of research.
Ruparelia took a job in a factory making test tubes which were used for experiments in chemistry laboratories.
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In 2001, researcher Brian Kaspar in his lab noticed that the virus called AAV, which is often been used in gene therapy experiments, had an unusual property.
"It's the first time the same isotope has been used in two different experiments at two different labs, and it showed basically the same effect, " Prof Fischbach said.
The same approach has been used in ground-based experiments to beam one kilowatt of power over a distance of several kilometres, notes Peter Fisher, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
According to EU data, about 12 million animals are used in EU countries' lab experiments each year.
Another practical point is that the type of malarial parasite used in this and many other experiments is not actually one that causes human disease.
In their experiments, the researchers used a test chamber with three light sources that could be switched on randomly.
In early experiments, the researchers have used boiled eggs, with the Smart-Tool cutting through the egg white, but stopping when it reached the yolk.
After three weeks in which the athletes got used to swimming with ear buds, the researchers conducted three experiments using 26 collegiate swimmers who completed the 200-meter freestyle trials.
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