But that "step up" effect has lessened in the last few years, he says.
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Dr Nallamothu points out that the study could simply be picking up an effect of better hospitals, with a willingness to persist with resuscitation a consequence of better technology or better-trained doctors, neither of which can be detected by the study.
But Colombia's desire to play up the deterrent effect of the agreement has backfired.
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Should America's market ever open up, the effect would probably be similar but larger.
Markets in telecoms and, to a lesser extent, energy have been opened up to good effect.
With the top up, the effect of road conditions is much less.
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If so, following them over the years also picks up the happiness effect of ageing - which we might falsely attribute to marriage.
Merck says its tests of DPP-4 inhibitors that also hit related enzymes turned up the side effect in monkeys where its own experiments did not.
Adding up the net effect of job destruction and creation, Messrs Caballero and Hammour conclude that the pace of restructuring actually falls during a recession.
The FTC's narrow definition played up the likely effect on prices from the loss of that rivalry but ignored the more distant challenge from ordinary supermarkets.
In my own particular context of spending most of my adult life in the emerging economies of Eastern Europe, I have been able to see this effect up close.
Merck says that its studies have not turned up this side effect, and that Januvia was designed to bind only to the DPP-4 enzyme, reducing the chances of these side effects.
Such investment, in a region that has seen few mergers or acquisitions, may speed up the third effect of Asia's turmoil: the rapid rise of mobile telephones, where there is now more competition than in the fixed-line service.
Fable 2 let players choose their sexuality, and pre-EA BioWare included a lesbian character in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, a game that never stirred up even close to the amount of controversy Mass Effect 3 drummed up.
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For inspiratory muscle warm-up, because the power-boosting effect of warm-up exercises typically dissipates within half an hour, an athlete would use the device to do two sets of 30 breaths immediately before the sporting event for best results.
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And Ruff has already done plenty in trying to shake things up with little noticeable effect.
If the above average effect holds up for groups, it might explain a lot of irrational behavior.
And that process of mental accounting ends up having a profound effect on the way we spend and invest.
That said, few firms can play catch-up to more devastating effect than Microsoft.
This refundable tax credit, which in effect tops up the earnings of low-wage workers, is already America's single biggest anti-poverty programme.
Trying to manage this system to avoid volatility and avoid the inevitable bumps in the road can actually end up having the opposite effect.
If a sequester takes effect, up to 2, 100 fewer food inspections could occur, putting families at risk and costing billions in lost food production.
Another of the sources said that preservation of more favorable rules for carried interest-a factor that spurred sector campaign contributions, may also not end up having the desired effect.
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There are rumours that Greek banks have also been keen sellers of credit-default swaps on sovereign Greek debt, in effect doubling up on their exposure to a debt crisis.
And, just as individual economic advances have added up to rival the effect of the formidable regular IT industry, these minute advances in total can create world-class business opportunities.
"Pal Joey" is one of the all-time great Broadway musicals, a portrait of life on the bottom rungs of showbiz in which Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart teamed up to immensely potent effect with John O'Hara ("Appointment in Samarra"), who wrote the book.
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