From giant corporations to university libraries to start-up businesses, employers are using rapidly improving technology to do tasks that humans used to do.
One way of addressing the concerns of politicians and university libraries is the promotion of journals in which the author pays to be published.
The internet giant and abettor for college term papers is facing a legal obstacle against its plans to scan and index books from three major university libraries.
PalFest collected more than 1, 500 books -- including copies of an anthology of extracts from works by festival participants -- which were distributed to cultural centers and university libraries.
James Neal, who as head of Columbia University's libraries in New York is a big customer, gives Reed Elsevier top marks for creating user-friendly research products, but he also has a six-point gripe list with the company that includes price-gouging and concerns that scientific journals are increasingly being consolidated under one corporate banner.
Papers from the archive of poet Cecil Day-Lewis have been donated to Oxford University's Bodleian Libraries by his actor son Daniel and daughter Tamasin.
It has upgraded catalogue records for the University of Wales and other libraries and has combined them in a central online catalogue.
"Authors would love for us to have their archives, but they want to sell, " says Chantel Dunham, who raises money for the University of Georgia's libraries in Athens, Ga.
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King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) libraries are one the first Libraries in the Middle East that integrated the new technologies to create its own digital library for its student community.
Here research equipment, libraries and utilities were damaged, but the university also turned adversity into solidarity.
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"Obviously, to be able to learn from our history, to avoid the mistakes of the past, they need to process those things more quickly, " said Benjamin Hufbauer, an associate professor at the University of Louisville in Kentucky who wrote a book about presidential libraries.
Led by the University of Wales in Swansea and is funded by the Research Support Libraries Programme.
Ambryx has gained exclusive licenses to libraries of smell-and taste-related receptors from Johns Hopkins University, Rockefeller University, Harvard and the University of California at San Diego.
While the system has been a "precious asset to the university for many, many years, " Harvard has "also spent more on libraries than we've really needed to to accomplish our goal, " said Mr. Garber, the provost.
Another force that has made university-level educators wary of the online world is that organizations from museums to libraries to symphony orchestras are all getting into the content business, mainly by putting information on the Internet.
It would require the university to contribute funds towards footpaths, cycleways and public transport routes, local schools, leisure centres and parks, libraries and wildlife areas.
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