Turkish and Persian cultures and languages blended to form a strong local identity.

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In a sign of the times, Turkish and English are the languages of instruction at a top private school in Irbil.

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It contains many original manuscripts and rare copies of major works on history, literature, philosophy, law, astronomy, physics, chemistry, pharmacology, geography, music, mathematics, mineralogy, economy, fine arts, etc. written in Uzbek, Arabic, Farsi, Tajik, Urdu, Pushtu, Tatar, Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur and other languages.

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One of his primary aims was to eliminate all teaching of Arabic, Persian and Turkish from the state, probably because these languages alone had no friends in the legislature.

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