Tsien's version of the protein produces all of its light when hit by a single color.
"It's like someone's feet in Jersey gangster movies where you're given concrete overshoes, " says GFP researcher Roger Tsien.
Dr Chalfie and Dr Tsien, of Columbia University and the University of California, San Diego, respectively, made it useful.
Roger Tsien at the University of California, San Diego, improved the protein by making it brighter and easier to use.
Roger Tsien, a professor at University of California in San Diego, mutated and otherwise altered the GFP gene to produce various colors.
Dr Tsien's contribution was to tinker with the GFP gene, and the genes of related proteins found in corals, to produce other colours.
Bouncing from penthouse to duplex, married architects Billie Tsien, 63, and Tod Williams, 69, find balance in a pair of New York apartments.
Mr. Williams and Ms. Tsien practice a kinder, gentler modernism, with an enormous sensitivity to materials and textures, and a particular affinity for crafts.
When Tod Williams and Billie Tsien of New York won the commission through a competition held by the Barnes Foundation, they even received the architectural equivalent of hate mail.
The spectacular contemporary architecture, by the New York team of Tod Williams and Billie Tsien, cradles the modest graces of the Merion structure with an air of religious veneration.
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien were responsible for the discovery of a substance called green fluorescent protein, and its development into an important tool of modern biology.
Thanks to the architects, Tod Williams and Billie Tsien, who understood from the beginning the delicate nature of their task, the Barnes experience today is identical to what it was previously.
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